Deanthropomorphising NLP: Can a language model be conscious?

Summary

A pretrained large language model (LLM) such as LaMDA or ChatGPT cannot be conscious or sentient. Analyzing the Transformer architecture through Integrated Information Theory shows no basis for consciousness. Claims of sentience reflect a tendency to use anthropomorphic language in NLP reporting, not genuine advances. The discussion is an opportunity to evaluate progress in language modeling and its ethical implications, with background provided for non-specialists.

Study at a glance

Abstract

This work is intended as a voice in the discussion over previous claims that a pretrained large language model (LLM) based on the Transformer model architecture can be sentient. Such claims have been made concerning the LaMDA model and also concerning the current wave of LLM-powered chatbots, such as ChatGPT. This claim, if confirmed, would have serious ramifications in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community due to wide-spread use of similar models. However, here we take the position that such a large language model cannot be conscious, and that LaMDA in particular exhibits no advances over other similar models that would qualify it. We justify this by analysing the Transformer architecture through Integrated Information Theory of consciousness. We see the claims of sentience as part of a wider tendency to use anthropomorphic language in NLP reporting. Regardless of the veracity of the claims, we consider this an opportune moment to take stock of progress in language modelling and consider the ethical implications of the task. In order to make this work helpful for readers outside the NLP community, we also present the necessary background in language modelling.