Investigating the psychedelic hypothesis of kykeon, the sacred elixir of the Eleusinian Mysteries
Romanos Konstantinos Antonopoulos, Evangelos Dadiotis, Kostas Ioannidis, Antigoni Cheilari, Vangelis Mitsis, Ana M. Garcia-campaña, Laura Gámiz-gracia, Maykel Hernández-mesa, Alfonso Narváez, Mark Anthony Hoffman, Carl A. P. Ruck, Zacharoula Gonou‐zagou, Aligiannis Nektarios, Prokopios Magiatis
Scientific Reports February 13, 2026 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-39568-3 via OpenAlex
Summary
The study confirms that the fungus Claviceps purpurea can transform toxic ergot alkaloids into psychoactive compounds using ancient methods, supporting the idea that it was part of the kykeon elixir. Specifically, after treatment with lye, 0.54 mg of lysergic acid amide and 0.48 mg of isolysergic acid amide were produced per gram of ergot at 120 minutes, indicating successful conversion of toxic substances.
Study at a glance
| Population | Claviceps purpurea fungus and its alkaloids |
|---|---|
| Key finding | The transformation of toxic ergopeptides into psychoactive lysergic acid amide derivatives was demonstrated using lye. |
Abstract
This study revisits the hypothesis that Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul., a fungus infecting cereals and producing ergot alkaloids (EAs), was the psychedelic agent in kykeon, the sacred elixir of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Although archaeological evidence supports this link, experimental data confirming the transformation of toxic ergopeptides into psychoactive lysergic acid amide derivatives in putative ancient preparations remain limited. The potential hydrolysis products of ergot were investigated using a technique that could have been readily applied by the priestesses of Eleusis, notably reacting in lye. Pulverized sclerotia were refluxed in solutions of lye and in distilled water. Samples obtained after liquid-liquid extractions were analyzed with 1H-NMR and UHPLC/Q-TOF-HRMS. The 1H NMR spectra demonstrated conversion of toxic ergopeptides, present in control samples but absent at all reaction times in 5% w/v ergot treated with pH 12.5 lye, where characteristic peaks for lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine) and isolysergic acid amide (iso-LSA; isoergine; erginine) appeared. UHPLC/Q-TOF-HRMS quantitation confirmed this conversion, yielding 0.54 mg LSA and 0.48 mg iso-LSA per gram of ergot at 120 min. The chemical transformation of toxic EAs to psychoactive compounds, utilizing ancient technology, was demonstrated and supports the “psychedelic Eleusis” hypothesis.