How to Change Minds Ethically: Doxastic Vulnerability, Epistemic Harm Reduction, and the Role of Therapists in Psychedelic Therapy

Summary

Psychedelics can change beliefs by destabilizing neurobiology, but this raises ethical concerns about the validity of beliefs formed during these experiences. The article proposes four ethical norms for influencing others' beliefs and introduces 'doxastic vulnerability' to describe heightened susceptibility to belief change. It argues that such vulnerability creates responsibilities to mitigate potential harms, advocating for more active guidance from therapists in psychedelic therapy rather than a passive approach.

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Psychedelics offer an intriguing novel method for changing minds, supposedly by destabilizing the neurobiology of the belief system. The resulting power to change minds raises ethical and epistemic concerns. This article examines the epistemic status of psychedelic experiences and suggests a skeptical attitude towards beliefs formed under their influence, a position that stands in contrast to some epistemic practices in the field. It proposes four norms for the ethics of altering beliefs and opinions of others, based on both the outcomes of interventions and the processes they involve. It introduces the concept of ‘doxastic vulnerability’ for states of heightened susceptibility to belief change, such as those induced by psychedelics. It further argues that placing people in a state of doxastic vulnerability generates responsibilities to prevent or mitigate harms arising from such states. This should motivate epistemic harm reduction measures in psychedelic therapy and, contrary to several recent statements in the literature, a reconsideration of a passive non‐directive stance of therapists in favor of a more active role as epistemic guides.

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