The Comparison Theory of Suffering: A Vedanta 2.0 Model of Awareness and Human Freedom)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) June 19, 2026 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20765156 via OpenAlex
Summary
The paper proposes a framework within Vedanta 2.0 that links comparison, suffering, awareness, and human freedom. It suggests that psychological suffering primarily stems from comparison-based consciousness, while awareness-based cognition can alleviate this suffering regardless of external conditions. The study introduces the 99+1 Model to illustrate how awareness underpins experiences of worldly pursuits without leading to psychological bondage. Overall, it aims to contribute to contemporary consciousness studies by merging scientific and philosophical insights.
Study at a glance
| Key finding | Comparison-based cognition increases subjective suffering, while awareness-based cognition reduces suffering independent of material conditions. |
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Abstract
Description This paper introduces a conceptual framework within Vedanta 2.0 that explores the relationship between comparison, suffering, awareness, and human freedom. Drawing from modern psychology, Advaita Vedanta, and existential philosophy, the study proposes that a significant source of human psychological suffering arises not merely from external deprivation but from comparison-based consciousness. The paper develops two central hypotheses: (1) comparison-based cognition increases subjective suffering, and (2) awareness-based cognition (Bodh) reduces suffering independent of material conditions. Building upon Social Comparison Theory, hedonic adaptation research, mindfulness studies, and non-dual philosophical traditions, the work presents a novel Vedanta 2.0 pathway: Comparison → Psychological Suffering → Bodh → Freedom This model is contrasted with the classical Advaita Vedanta formulation: Avidyā → Bondage → Knowledge → Liberation A further contribution is the introduction of the 99+1 Model, a conceptual framework describing the relationship between worldly pursuits (99) and awareness (1). The study argues that awareness functions as the foundational dimension through which wealth, beauty, achievement, religion, and social identity are experienced without becoming sources of psychological bondage. This work is intended as a philosophical-psychological contribution to contemporary consciousness studies and serves as part of the broader Vedanta 2.0 research program integrating science, philosophy, and awareness. Keywords: Vedanta 2.0, Consciousness, Awareness, Bodh, Social Comparison, Psychology of Suffering, Advaita Vedanta, Human Freedom, Mindfulness, Philosophy of Consciousness, Non-Duality, Comparative Psychology.