We see more than we can report: "cost free" color phenomenality outside focal attention.

Summary

People can automatically register the color diversity of an entire visual display even when they are focusing attention on a specific part of it. In a Sperling-like task, participants reported a letter from a cued row and then estimated the color diversity of the noncued rows. Estimating color diversity did not impair letter report, indicating that summary statistics like color diversity are processed outside focal attention and without using working memory resources. This suggests that visual experience may include more information than can be explicitly reported.

Study at a glance

Abstract

The distinction between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness is a subject of intensive debate. According to one view, visual experience overflows the capacity of the attentional and working memory system: We see more than we can report. According to the opposed view, this perceived richness is an illusion-we are aware only of information that we can subsequently report. This debate remains unresolved because of the inevitable reliance on report, which is limited in capacity. To bypass this limitation, this study utilized color diversity-a unique summary statistic-which is sensitive to detailed visual information. Participants were shown a Sperling-like array of colored letters, one row of which was precued. After reporting a letter from the cued row, participants estimated the color diversity of the noncued rows. Results showed that people could estimate the color diversity of the noncued array without a cost to letter report, which suggests that color diversity is registered automatically, outside focal attention, and without consuming additional working memory resources.

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