Cannabimimetic and discriminative stimulus effects of hexahydrocannabinols in mice.
Julie A Marusich, Cassandra Prioleau, Luli R Akinfiresoye
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) July 1, 2025 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.1177/02698811251330739 via PubMed
Summary
The 9(R) epimer of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) produces cannabimimetic effects in mice—including locomotor suppression, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy—and fully substitutes for delta-9-THC in drug discrimination, suggesting it likely has abuse liability in humans. The 9(S) epimer is less potent, produces effects in only two tetrad measures, and only partially substitutes for delta-9-THC, indicating weak psychoactivity. The ratio of epimers consumed may lead to varying effects in human users.
Study at a glance
| Design | observational study |
|---|---|
| Population | adult male mice |
| Key finding | 9(R)-HHC produces delta-9-THC-like behavioral effects and fully substitutes for delta-9-THC in drug discrimination, whereas 9(S)-HHC is less potent and only partially substitutes. |
Abstract
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) recently appeared on the recreational drug market and is often sold as a legal replacement for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Users primarily consume HHC for recreational purposes, but adverse effects have been reported. Given the scant literature on HHC, additional research is needed to better understand its effects. The present study sought to determine whether 9(R)-hexahydrocannabinol [9(R)-HHC] and 9(S)-hexahydrocannabinol [9(S)-HHC] are psychoactive cannabinoids that share behavioral effects with Δ9-THC. Adult male mice were administered 9(R)-HHC, 9(S)-HHC, or Δ9-THC and tested in the tetrad battery to examine cannabimimetic effects (i.e., locomotor suppression, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy). Separate mice were trained to discriminate Δ9-THC from the vehicle in drug discrimination and subsequently tested with 9(R)-HHC and 9(S)-HHC. Δ9-THC and 9(R)-HHC produced cannabimimetic effects in all tetrad measures, and 9(R)-HHC fully substituted for Δ9-THC in drug discrimination. Δ9-THC and 9(R)-HHC showed similar potency across measures, except that 9(R)-HHC produced more hypothermia than Δ9-THC. By contrast, 9(S)-HHC only produced cannabimimetic effects in two tetrad measures, was less potent than Δ9-THC, and only partially substituted for Δ9-THC in drug discrimination. 9(R)-HHC is likely to possess abuse liability in humans, whereas 9(S)-HHC may produce weak Δ9-THC-like psychoactivity in humans. The differences in the pharmacology between the two HHC epimers may lead to a range of effects in human users depending on the ratio of the epimers consumed.