Brain dysfunctions and neurotoxicity induced by psychostimulants in experimental models and humans: an overview of recent findings

Summary

Recreational and therapeutic use of psychostimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate, caffeine, and nicotine can cause brain dysfunction and neurotoxic effects. This review of research from 2018 to 2023 examines evidence from both experimental models and humans, highlighting that central toxicity from these substances poses serious health risks, especially as their use rises among young people and adults. Understanding the factors and mechanisms behind these noxious brain effects is crucial for grasping the acute and lasting harm that may occur in users.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that psychostimulants, in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit brain dysfunctions and/or neurotoxic effects. Central toxicity induced by psychostimulants may pose serious health risks since the recreational use of these substances is on the rise among young people and adults. The present review provides an overview of recent research, conducted between 2018 and 2023, focusing on brain dysfunctions and neurotoxic effects elicited in experimental models and humans by amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylphenidate, caffeine, and nicotine. Detailed elucidation of factors and mechanisms that underlie psychostimulant-induced brain dysfunction and neurotoxicity is crucial for understanding the acute and enduring noxious brain effects that may occur in individuals who use psychostimulants for recreational and/or therapeutic purposes.