A chromosome level reference genome of Diviners sage (Salvia divinorum) provides insight into salvinorin A biosynthesis

Summary

A chromosome-level genome assembly of the diviners sage plant, which produces the hallucinogen salvinorin A, has been produced. The genome is about 541 million base pairs, diploid, and comparable to other sage species. Two gene clusters involved in diterpene biosynthesis were identified, including a gene that forms the dihydrofuran ring early in the salvinorin A pathway. Other enzyme classes likely involved in later steps are scattered across the genome. Most of these genes are not activated by methyl jasmonate treatment. This high-quality genome sequence will help uncover the remaining steps in salvinorin A biosynthesis and support exploration of its medical potential for chronic pain, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Background: Diviners sage (Salvia divinorum; Lamiaceae) is the source of the powerful hallucinogen salvinorin A (SalA). This neoclerodane diterpenoid is an agonist of the human kappa opioid receptor with potential medical applications in the treatment of chronic pain, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Only two steps of the approximately twelve step biosynthetic sequence leading to SalA have been resolved to date. Results: To facilitate pathway elucidation in this ethnomedicinal plant species, here we report a chromosome level genome assembly. A high-quality genome sequence was assembled with an N50 value of 41.4 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.4%. The diploid (2n = 22) genome of ~541 Mb is comparable in size and ploidy to most other members of this genus. Two diterpene biosynthetic gene clusters were identified and are highly enriched in previously unidentified cytochrome P450s as well as crotonolide G synthase, which forms the dihydrofuran ring early in the SalA pathway. Coding sequences for other enzyme classes with likely involvement in downstream steps of the SalA pathway (BAHD acyl transferases, alcohol dehydrogenases, and O-methyl transferases) were scattered throughout the genome with no clear indication of clustering. Differential gene expression analysis suggests that most of these genes are not inducible by methyl jasmonate treatment. Conclusions: This genome sequence and associated gene annotation are among the highest resolution in Salvia, a genus well known for the medicinal properties of its members. Here we have identified the cohort of genes responsible for the remaining steps in the SalA pathway. This genome sequence and associated candidate genes will facilitate the elucidation of SalA biosynthesis and enable an exploration of its full clinical potential.