The psychostimulant (±)-cis-4,4′-dimethylaminorex (4,4′-DMAR) interacts with human plasmalemmal and vesicular monoamine transporters
Julian Maier, Felix P. Mayer, Dino Luethi, Marion Holy, Kathrin Jäntsch, Harald Reither, Lena Hirtler, Marius C. Hoener, Matthias E. Liechti, Christian Pifl, Simon D. Brandt, Harald H. Sitte
Neuropharmacology June 23, 2018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.018 via OpenAlex
Summary
4,4′-DMAR, a new psychoactive substance linked to 31 deaths in Europe between June 2013 and February 2014, acts as a potent non-selective monoamine releasing agent. It inhibits dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters at low micromolar concentrations (IC50 values below 2 μM) and induces reverse transport via these transporters. It also inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in both rat and human cells with potency similar to MDMA. Unlike aminorex and 4-methylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR strongly affects the serotonin transporter, suggesting fatalities may involve monoaminergic toxicity including serotonin syndrome. Its activity at VMAT2 indicates potential long-term neurotoxicity with chronic abuse.
Study at a glance
| Characteristics | In vitro study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Interventions | 4 4′-DMAR |
| Topics | Serotonin |
| Keywords | Monoamine neurotransmitter Vesicular monoamine transporter Monoaminergic Pharmacology Dopamine transporter |
| Citations | 24 |
| Key finding | 4,4′-DMAR is a potent non-selective monoamine releasing agent that inhibits human DAT, NET, and SERT and both rat and human VMAT2, with effects on SERT that may contribute to fatalities. |
Abstract
(±)-cis-4,4′-Dimethylaminorex (4,4′-DMAR) is a new psychoactive substance (NPS) that has been associated with 31 fatalities and other adverse events in Europe between June 2013 and February 2014. We used in vitro uptake inhibition and transporter release assays to determine the effects of 4,4′-DMAR on human high-affinity transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin (SERT). In addition, we assessed its binding affinities to monoamine receptors and transporters. Furthermore, we investigated the interaction of 4,4′-DMAR with the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells and synaptic vesicles prepared from human striatum. 4,4′-DMAR inhibited uptake mediated by human DAT, NET or SERT, respectively in the low micromolar range (IC50 values < 2 μM). Release assays identified 4,4′-DMAR as a substrate type releaser, capable of inducing transporter-mediated reverse transport via DAT, NET and SERT. Furthermore, 4,4′-DMAR inhibited both the rat and human isoforms of VMAT2 at a potency similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). This study identified 4,4′-DMAR as a potent non-selective monoamine releasing agent. In contrast to the known effects of aminorex and 4-methylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR exerts profound effects on human SERT. The latter finding is consistent with the idea that fatalities associated with its abuse may be linked to monoaminergic toxicity including serotonin syndrome. The activity at VMAT2 suggests that chronic abuse of 4,4′-DMAR may result in long-term neurotoxicity.