Reconceptualizing Altered States of Consciousness Using Network-Based Tools

Summary

Scientists have long struggled to properly classify and study altered states of consciousness, from meditation to psychedelic experiences. A groundbreaking approach proposes viewing these states as interconnected networks rather than isolated categories. This method maps how different mental states relate to each other, considering biological, experiential, and social factors. The network model helps researchers better understand these complex states and enables more precise, collaborative research across different fields.

Abstract

Abstract Progress in the scientific study of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) has been hindered by methodological and conceptual problems. At a methodological level there is a lack of agreement on the scales and instruments used to measure and categorize ASCs. At a conceptual level, existing typologies (such as trigger-based, phenomenology-based, attribution-based, neurobiological, and psychopathological approaches) face difficulties with demarcating different states and in organizing the field of investigation in a clear and productive way. The authors propose a new method of classification for this research field that will mitigate these problems by providing better typologies to study ASCs. In this chapter the authors lay out the epistemological foundations of such an approach, arguing that scientific progress can be made through an iterative process of conceptual refinement. On this approach, ASCs can be conceived of as a network of nodes, in which different clusters of states can be identified. At a methodological level, network-based models offer the potential to calculate network properties (e.g., centrality measures), while at a conceptual level they offer flexibility in terms of the nodes that can be included in the network (these could encompass features of experience, as well as contextual, social and biological features). The authors argue that a network-based model outperforms existing conceptual approaches for fostering current scientific research. By doing so, the authors also offer methodological tools to organize the research field of ASCs, which helps scientists to produce more precise scientific results and to foster interdisciplinary transmission of results.

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