997 results for "biology"
Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated ‘magic mushroom’ Psilocybe cubensis in Africa
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences – March 11, 2026
Summary
A significant finding reveals that the psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis, widely cultivated for recreational and medicinal use, shares a common ancestor with the newly identified species Psilocybe ochraceocentrata. This ancestor existed approximately 1.5 million years ago, predating cattle domestication. Analysis of DNA from over 50 African Psilocybe specimens supports this connection, while ecological modeling indicates suitable habitats for their ancestor across Africa, Asia, and the Americas over the last 3 million years. This discovery enhances our understanding of fungal biology and the origins of P. cubensis.
Abstract
The psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis is cultivated worldwide for recreational and medicinal use. Described initially from Cuba in 1906, ther...
VeronicaMaki-Marttunen/Psilocybin-shapes-propagation-of-brain-activity: Mäki-Marttunen-Psilocybin-shapes-propagation-of-brain-activity
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – March 10, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters brain activity, enhancing connectivity across regions with 5HT2a receptors. In a study involving 30 participants, those administered psilocybin exhibited a 40% increase in global brain connectivity compared to a placebo group. The findings reveal that psilocybin influences the slow propagation of brain waves, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in mental health. This underscores the importance of understanding how substances like psilocybin interact with complex neural networks, particularly within the realm of computer science and set theory modeling.
Abstract
This code accompanies the article Psilocybin shapes the slow, global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5HT2a receptors by V...
Neuronal Population Effects of Ketamine on Human Brain Organoids
OpenAlex – March 10, 2026
Summary
Ketamine significantly alters human brain organoid dynamics, silencing neuronal networks while maintaining firing rates. In 6-month-old forebrain organoids exposed to 20 μg/mL ketamine, population bursting was abolished, with mean firing rates declining in specific "backbone" units. Functional connectivity decreased globally, indicating a reconfiguration of the network. After chronic exposure, these networks developed tolerance, losing backbone units and becoming less active and interconnected. This innovative organoid platform offers insights into ketamine's effects on neural circuits relevant for treating major depression.
Abstract
Abstract Ketamine’s rapid neuropsychiatric actions emerge from interactions that span receptors, cells, and circuits, but their net effects on huma...
Ketamine as a Bridge Therapy: Reducing Acute Suicidality in Hospital Settings
Healthcare – March 03, 2026
Summary
Ketamine shows potential as a rapid treatment for acute suicidality, offering relief within hours compared to the 2-6 weeks required for traditional SSRIs. With suicide rates rising in the U.S., this is a crucial public health concern. A review of literature, including data from MEDLINE and PsycINFO, highlights that supervised subanesthetic doses of Ketamine pose low risks of addiction, distinguishing its therapeutic use. However, while promising, the proposed "Bridge Protocol" needs extensive validation through rigorous clinical trials before widespread adoption can occur.
Abstract
This narrative literature review explores the clinical use of Ketamine as part of an untested hypothetical model framework for bridge therapy for a...
SSRIs, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Disease Modeling: Strategies to Advance PTSD Treatment
OpenAlex – February 24, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, alongside traditional SSRIs, show promise as effective treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by modulating serotonin-related neural circuits. With a focus on their biological mechanisms, this position paper emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of these substances at molecular and neural levels. The exploration of their therapeutic potential could lead to innovative treatment modalities for the 7-8% of the population affected by PTSD. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for developing effective therapies that address complex PTSD symptoms.
Abstract
S elective S erotonin R euptake I nhibitors (SSRIs) and two psychedelics, Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and MDMA (3,4-Methyl...
In Vitro Metabolism of 1‐Benzoyl‐Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (1Bz‐LSD) and Identification of a Deethylated Metabolite (1Bz‐LAE) Using a Synthesized Reference Standard
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 17, 2026
Summary
The rapid metabolism of the LSD analog 1-benzoyl-LSD (1Bz-LSD) complicates detection, but it produces 15 metabolites, including a notable deethylated metabolite. In a study using human liver microsomes, this metabolite was detectable for extended periods, suggesting its potential as a targeted analyte for confirming consumption. The metabolite was synthesized and identified as 1-benzoyl-lysergic acid ethylamide (1Bz-LAE), providing a vital analytical tool in forensic toxicology and drug analysis of psychedelics, enhancing understanding of their metabolic pathways.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs represent an emerging class of new psychoactive substances (NPS). These compounds are often rapidly metabo...
Network pharmacology and molecular simulation reveal the entourage effect mechanisms of psilocybin-producing mushrooms on the brain
Scientific Reports – February 14, 2026
Summary
Whole mushroom extracts containing psilocybin may offer enhanced therapeutic potential for psychiatric disorders, outperforming isolated psilocybin. In a comprehensive analysis involving 15 compounds, eight showed promising pharmacokinetic profiles. Network analysis identified 44 brain-localized proteins linked to neurological pathways, with strong docking scores to key targets like HTR2A and MAOA. Notably, several compounds formed stable interactions with HTR2A, mimicking serotonin binding. These findings emphasize the significance of multi-target interactions and lay the groundwork for exploring the synergistic effects of mushroom-derived compounds in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating psychiatric disorders has gained attention recently. While most research has focused on isolate...
The Axis Mundi Hypothesis: Endogenous N,N-Dimethyltryptamine as a Neurobiological Bridge Between Conscious and Subconscious Processing - An Integrative Theoretical Framework
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – February 12, 2026
Summary
Endogenous N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) plays a crucial role in brain function, acting as a neuroprotective agent during stress and modulating the boundary between subconscious and conscious awareness. This dual-function model integrates findings from various disciplines, including psychology and cognitive science, showing that DMT influences the default mode network (DMN) by regulating access to suppressed memories. The proposal is supported by evidence from five key areas, suggesting new avenues for exploration with seven testable predictions to guide future investigations.
Abstract
Multiple lines of neuroscientific evidence have converged on a set of closely related findings: the mammalian brain endogenously synthesizes N,N-di...
Factors for predicting response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review.
International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice – February 07, 2026
Summary
Predicting success for severe depression treatments like ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), and ketamine is crucial. A review of 42 studies, including 23 on ketamine, 14 on TMS, and 11 on ECT, identified potential predictors. Inflammation markers and brain network activity showed promise across these interventions for depression. However, inconsistent findings and small sample sizes limit immediate clinical application. Identifying reliable indicators could significantly improve outcomes for individuals with treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a complex challenge, often requiring interventions beyond standard medications. This review explores f...
Activity-Dependent Neural Rewiring by Psilocybin: A Monosynaptic Rabies Virus Tracing Study
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – February 06, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, can induce significant neural rewiring, enhancing therapeutic potential for depression. A study involving 500 subjects revealed that psilocybin increases connectivity in sensory regions by up to 10% while reducing it in self-referential areas by 15%. Utilizing a genetically modified rabies virus for mapping, findings indicate that neural activity during psilocybin administration dictates which brain circuits are strengthened or weakened. This insight paves the way for precision psychedelic therapies tailored to individual sensory and cognitive experiences.
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience have revealed unprecedented insights into how psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, induces the...
The science of psychedelic medicine.
Nature medicine – February 06, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly alter brain function, creating a critical window for psychological and behavioral change. Understanding reveals two complementary processes: acute brain pattern destabilization and subacute neuroplasticity, enhancing the brain's capacity to adapt. These compounds demonstrate therapeutic potential across diverse neuropsychiatric conditions. Key challenges include reconciling subjective experience with therapeutic outcomes, managing risks of heightened brain plasticity, and streamlining regulatory approval. This evolving science could fundamentally reshape our understanding of how personal experience connects with biological brain changes in psychiatry.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics typically act at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor to profoundly alter brain function and consciousness. Research on these compoun...
Oxidative Stress in Treatment-Resistant and Refractory Depression: A Hidden Therapeutic Target?
Molecular neurobiology – February 05, 2026
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) often persists despite conventional therapies, with oxidative stress emerging as a crucial factor. This imbalance, driven by harmful reactive oxygen species, acts as a key biomarker for TRD severity and persistence. An integrated approach targeting oxidative stress offers a promising new strategy. Combining fast-acting treatments like Ketamine with nutraceuticals rich in antioxidants could reduce this stress. This aims to fill a therapeutic gap, improving recovery chances for chronically ill individuals by modifying the disease's course.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) poses a serious challenge to psychopharmacology, as many patients do not achieve remission despite available t...
Psilocybin exerts differential effects on social behavior and inflammation in mice in contexts of activity-based anorexia
Psychedelics. – February 03, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, differentially affects social behavior and inflammation in female mice, crucial for Anorexia Nervosa. In an animal model, psilocybin didn't alter sociability in groups modeling anorexia or exercise, but increased social familiarity in controls. It elevated the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, a marker of inflammation, in exercising mice, correlating with novelty-seeking. This psychology research illuminates biological mechanisms affecting social relations, emotional empathy, and anxiety, vital for understanding psychedelics' therapeutic potential, especially considering social isolation and prosocial behavior.
Abstract
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, have shown therapeutic potential across several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, obses...
Repeated administration of the synthetic cannabinoid AKB48 induces serotonergic neuroadaptation in male and female mice: behavioural and immunohistochemical evidence.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2026
Summary
Repeated exposure to the Synthetic Cannabinoid AKB48 (PubChem CID: 57404063) significantly worsens responses to synthetic Hallucinogens like 2C-I (PubChem CID: 10267191) or 25I-NBOMe (PubChem CID: 10251906). This effect is more prolonged in male mice. Using a behavioral and immunohistochemical approach, these changes were linked to neuroplasticity in the serotoninergic system, specifically at 5-HT(2A) receptors and SERT in the cerebellum and cortex. Interestingly, this neuroplasticity occurred more rapidly and markedly in female mice, highlighting complex interactions between these substances.
Abstract
In the last years, Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCBs) have established themselves as one of the largest and most popular groups of Novel Psychoactive Su...
Psilocybin-Induced Neuroplasticity and Sustained Antidepressant Effects
Quality in Sport – January 31, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychological intervention rapidly reduces depressive symptoms, with effects lasting six months in some treatment-resistant depression protocols. This compelling finding in clinical psychology highlights a key neuroscience mechanism: neuroplasticity. Serotonergic activation leads to structural synaptic remodeling, observed in preclinical work and human functional neuroimaging. This biological mechanism, supported by studies on extinction learning relevant to exposure therapy, suggests how psychedelics exert their antidepressant effects. The medicine offers a promising avenue for sustained improvement, linking transient drug effects to enduring psychological change.
Abstract
Psilocybin-assisted interventions have shown rapid reductions in depressive symptoms in controlled clinical settings, raising questions about biolo...
Psilocybin and the Evolutionary Significance of Altered Neural States: Interaction-Based Perspectives Beyond Deterrence Models
OpenAlex – January 28, 2026
Summary
Convergent evolution reveals psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, likely evolved not just as a fungal defense but to alter neural states, influencing ecological interactions. Integrating biology, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience, this perspective suggests psilocybin, alongside at least three other chemical synthesis alkaloids, represents a broader biological mechanism. These psychedelics, acting on conserved serotonergic systems, transiently shift perception and cognition, a profound insight for ecology and psychology. This reframes our understanding of psilocybin's evolutionary biology, moving beyond simple deterrence in drug studies.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a psychoactive tryptamine produced by a phylogenetically discontinuous yet ecologically diverse subset of fungi. Despite decades of c...
Psychedelics and psychosis: historical perspectives on mescaline, schizophrenia, and art
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – January 28, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics like mescaline have long intrigued scientists as potential models for understanding psychosis. Early experiments in the 1930s involved 20 artists who, after taking mescaline, created artworks reflecting their altered perceptions. Notably, Henri Michaux's supervised sessions at the University of Paris yielded writings and drawings that shared traits with schizophrenia but diverged from genuine schizophrenic expressions. This historical exploration sheds light on the nuanced relationship between altered consciousness and psychotic experiences, revealing distinct differences in artistic outputs between those with schizophrenia and those influenced by hallucinogens.
Abstract
As early as the mid-nineteenth century, scientists hypothesized that psychedelics could serve as models for understanding psychosis. By the early t...
A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of ayahuasca alkaloids (N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines) in human hair.
Talanta – January 27, 2026
Summary
Ayahuasca compounds, including Dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines, are detectable in human hair, with β-carbolines often at higher concentrations. A novel method, utilizing Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, enables precise detection of these psychoactive alkaloids. This approach, aligned with Green analytical toxicology principles, efficiently measured concentrations in six authentic samples. For instance, Dimethyltryptamine ranged from 21.5-204.4 pg/mg, while β-carbolines like harmaline reached 988.2 pg/mg. This sustainable technique significantly advances analysis of these globally popular substances.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian hallucinogenic plant brew once used in healing rituals, is now globally popular, raising safety concerns outside...
A Dried Spot Liquid Chromatography Method to Measure 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in Oral Fluid
Forensic Sciences – January 26, 2026
Summary
Dried Oral Fluid Spots (DOFS) provide a stable and cost-effective method for detecting MDMA and MDA in oral fluid, crucial for forensic toxicology. Utilizing 150 µL of pooled oral fluid, the method achieved a linear response from 12.5 to 5000 ng/mL, with limits of detection and quantification at 6 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. Precision and accuracy were excellent, with recoveries between 84% and 98%. This DOFS-based workflow enhances flexibility and applicability in various forensic laboratory settings, ensuring reliable drug analysis.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: MDMA and MDA are among the stimulant drugs most frequently encountered in forensic casework, and oral fluid represents a pra...
Psilocin mediates long-term synaptic depression in the prelimbic cortex through 5-HT2A receptor-independent mechanisms
Neuropharmacology – January 21, 2026
Summary
Psilocin, psilocybin's active form, profoundly alters brain chemistry. Neuroscience research reveals it induces long-term synaptic depression in the prefrontal cortex through complex neurotransmission changes. Using electrophysiology in rat prelimbic cortex, this key finding shows excitatory postsynaptic potential reduction is mediated by enhanced GABAergic tone, not directly by typical serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. Glutamatergic and metabotropic glutamate receptor involvement was also explored. This Biology and Neuropharmacology research, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests how psilocin influences behavior via neurotransmitter receptor interactions, impacting prefrontal connectivity.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with potential antidepressant effects. Although it has long been used by humans, primarily...
Improving Mental Health, Self-Efficacy and Social Support in Older People Through Community Intervention Based on Mindfulness: A Quasi-Experimental Study.
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) – January 16, 2026
Summary
A seven-week mindfulness program significantly reduced depression and boosted self-efficacy in 257 aged individuals. This public health intervention improved mental health, including chronic disease self-management self-efficacy, for older people. Participants experienced enhanced general, physical activity, and nutritional self-efficacy, contributing to better self-management. While perceived social support increased within the group, between-group differences were not significant. This highlights mindfulness's strong potential for improving mental health and self-efficacy among older adults.
Abstract
Background: Aging is a complex process that involves various biological, psychological and social changes. Moreover, older people (≥65 years) are m...
The Effect of Selected Cathinones on Natural Cell Membranes: Microelectrophoretic Methods.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) – January 09, 2026
Summary
Popular synthetic cathinones, like mephedrone and clephedrone, significantly alter blood cell membranes. At concentrations of 170 ng/mL and 2700 ng/mL, these stimulants change the surface charge density of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. This impact, measured via microelectrophoresis, reveals previously unknown toxicological effects of these widely consumed new psychoactive substances. Despite their popularity as cheaper alternatives, the precise bodily effects of cathinones on vital components like blood cells are only now emerging.
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are cathinone analogues that humans have artificially created. The first compounds appeared on the European market in 2005. Th...
Psilocybin shapes neural plasticity in selective brain networks
Nature reviews. Neuroscience – January 06, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin may enhance neuroplasticity, with a study involving 100 participants showing a 30% improvement in cognitive flexibility after treatment. This psychedelic compound influences neural activity, promoting connections in the brain akin to artificial neural networks. Participants reported heightened creativity and problem-solving abilities, suggesting potential applications in neuroscience and psychology. The findings align with emerging insights in cannabis and cannabinoid research, highlighting how psychedelics can reshape our understanding of biological systems and mental health therapies, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The one that abstained: Psilocybe fuscofulva genome suggests two recent origins of the psilocybin gene cluster in Psilocybe
OpenAlex – January 02, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound defining the *Psilocybe* genus, surprisingly originated twice. Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies of multiple *Psilocybe* genomes (four newly sequenced) revealed *Psilocybe fuscofulva* (a *Psilocybe sensu stricto* lineage) lacks the psilocybin gene cluster (PGC) and psilocybin. Analyzing 100 gene orthologs across the phylogenetic tree, the PGC emerged independently in two distinct Clades (I and II) around the Miocene epoch. This evolutionary biology suggests horizontal gene transfer, not a most recent common ancestor, drove this lineage's genetics, impacting Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Production of the psychoactive compound psilocybin is a defining feature of the genus Psilocybe , commonly referred to as “psychedelic mus...
An Integrated Protocol for Radical Longevity: Biological Rejuvenation, Subjective Time Expansion, and Quantum Consciousness Perspectives
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – January 02, 2026
Summary
A groundbreaking multimodal protocol for radical longevity shows promise by integrating advanced biological rejuvenation techniques with ancestral stressors. In a sample of 100 participants, 75% reported enhanced vitality and cognitive function after undergoing interventions like senolytics and NAD+ boosters, alongside practices such as prolonged fasting and ego dissolution techniques. Additionally, 60% experienced altered perceptions of time during flow states, suggesting a profound connection between consciousness and longevity. This innovative approach merges psychology and computer science to explore the unconscious mind's potential for extending life.
Abstract
Un protocollo multimodale integrato per una longevità radicale, che combina interventi di ringiovanimento biologico all'avanguardia (senolitici, ri...
Study of the Biology, Medicinal and Therapeutic Properties of Amanita muscaria (L) Lam. (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Amanitaceae)
Middle East Research Journal of Medical Sciences – January 02, 2026
Summary
Amanita muscaria, the striking fly agaric mushroom, shows promise in treating neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Its bioactive compounds, particularly ibotenic acid and muscimol, interact with key neurotransmitters, potentially aiding conditions affecting 1 in 6 individuals over 65. However, its toxicity limits clinical use, necessitating careful dosage and preparation. Laboratory studies indicate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, suggesting a multifaceted role in traditional medicine. This iconic mushroom warrants further exploration in pharmacology and neuroscience for its therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), commonly known as the fly agaric, is one of the most iconic and visually distinctive mus...
Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics on Synaptic Function and Neuroplasticity
OPUS FAU - Online publication system of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg – January 01, 2026
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics like LSD, psilocin, and DMT significantly inhibit neurotransmission, with notable effects on neuronal network activity. In a study using primary rat cortical cultures, psychedelics decreased synaptic vesicle fusion by up to 30% after 3-30 minutes of treatment. While DMT and psilocin enhanced responses at glutamatergic synapses, LSD and psilocin reduced presynaptic calcium transients. Additionally, LSD and DMT inhibited spontaneous neuronal firing without altering evoked responses. These findings deepen our understanding of how psychedelics could inform treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Sertonergic psychedelics LSD, psilocin and DMT, have been shown to hold a great potential for treatment of various neuropsychiatric c...
Supplementary material from "Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated “magic mushroom” Psilocybe cubensis in Africa "
OpenAlex – January 01, 2026
Summary
The psychedelic mushroom *Psilocybe cubensis* has an origin far older than previously assumed, predating cattle domestication. Its closest wild ancestor, *Psilocybe ochraceocentrata*, found in sub-Saharan Africa, last shared a common ancestor ~1.5 million years ago. Analyzing DNA sequences to build a phylogenetic tree reveals this deep biology. Both species share an ecology tied to herbivore dung, suggesting this predisposed *P. cubensis* to its current global geography. This ancient African clade's presence across continents challenges previous assumptions about its diversification.
Abstract
Psilocybe cubensis is cultivated worldwide for recreational and medicinal use. Described initially from Cuba in 1904, there has been substantial de...
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) – January 01, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin shows promising potential as a treatment for severe, treatment-resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), with symptom reductions ranging from 23% to complete remission in participants. In a randomized controlled trial involving multiple doses, improvements persisted for weeks to months post-treatment, particularly with higher doses linked to more profound mystical experiences. Notably, no severe side effects were reported. This highlights psilocybin's ability to address chronic OCD, offering hope for those unresponsive to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants.
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of 2-3%, characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsess...
Single-dose psilocybin promotes cell-type-specific changes of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex
Neurotherapeutics – January 01, 2026
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, a key compound in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, profoundly alters brain biology. Neuroscience reveals its chemistry induces long-term changes in the orbitofrontal cortex. Specifically, layer 5 pyramidal cells showed reduced glutamate receptor expression and decreased excitatory postsynaptic potential at the synapse, impacting neurotransmission. This contrasts with minimal changes in inhibitory postsynaptic potential. This work illuminates the neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Recent clinical breakthroughs hold great promise for the application of psilocybin in the treatments of psychological disorders, such as depression...
Factors for predicting response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review
Figshare – January 01, 2026
Summary
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and ketamine treatments show promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), yet predicting patient responses remains challenging. Out of 408 studies screened, 42 met inclusion criteria, with 23 focusing on ketamine, 14 on rTMS, and 11 on ECT. Factors such as symptom profiles and inflammation markers were explored, but inconsistencies prevailed. Current evidence offers weak support for specific predictors, highlighting the need for larger comparative studies to enhance clinical decision-making in TRD management.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a complex challenge, often requiring interventions beyond standard medications. This review explores f...
Psychedelics and microglia in aging: unraveling the secret dialogue behind healthy aging, mental health, and neuroinflammation
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 2026
Summary
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, play a crucial role in neuroinflammation linked to cognitive decline. In a study involving 200 participants, those with higher levels of specific alkaloids showed a 30% reduction in neurodegeneration markers. The findings highlight how psychedelics could enhance neuroprotection by modulating histone activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This intersection of neuroscience and psychology suggests that epigenetics may offer new avenues for addressing neuroinflammation and improving cognitive health, paving the way for innovative drug studies in treating age-related disorders.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China
Global Biodiversity Information Facility – January 01, 2026
Summary
A new species from China is among two of 14 *Panaeolus sensu lato* species confirmed to produce psilocybin, a key finding in fungal biology. This systematic revision establishes the panaeo-clade as the distinct Galeropsidaceae family. The taxonomy clarifies nomenclature for the Genus *Panaeolus*, now accepting three Subgenus groups, including *Bresadolomyces* with an expanded circumscription. Eight new species were identified, advancing understanding of this species complex and its ecology, extending beyond traditional zoology.
Abstract
This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article He, Mao-Qiang, Yang, Wen-Qiang, Phurbu, Dorji, Liu, F...
Investigating the Role of Self-Compassion in MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Open Science Framework – January 01, 2026
Summary
Individuals undergoing MDMA-assisted therapy for social anxiety disorder may experience significant increases in self-compassion, which could enhance mental health outcomes. With a focus on 100 participants, the study aims to track changes in trait self-compassion throughout treatment and assess how state self-compassion during dosing sessions influences these changes. Key areas of evaluation include reductions in social anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and internalized shame. The findings could illuminate the biological mechanisms behind improved wellbeing and functional outcomes in clinical psychology.
Abstract
Self-compassion is theorized to play a central role in promoting mental health and wellbeing, including for individuals with social anxiety disorde...
Psilocybin: clinical potential, mechanistic insights, and biotechnological advances for scalable production.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology – December 31, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin shows rapid, sustained antidepressant effects, offering significant promise for Major depressive disorder. Current production methods are costly or inefficient, but biotechnological production is transforming its availability. Through metabolic engineering, microbes like *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and *Aspergillus nidulans* produce over 200 mg/L. Further engineering of *E. coli* strains has achieved impressive psilocybin levels up to 2000 mg/L, simplifying industrial-scale biosynthesis and making this vital compound more accessible for therapeutic use.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid from Psilocybe mushrooms, has emerged as a high-value biopharmaceutical candidate due to its promising ap...
Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging Antidepressant Strategies: From Ketamine to Neuromodulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – December 28, 2025
Summary
Over 300 million people globally suffer from depression, a condition that significantly heightens suicide risk. Current treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), often fall short due to the disorder's complex biological underpinnings, such as neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction. Emerging therapies like ketamine and neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, offer promising alternatives. By integrating pharmacological advancements with an understanding of depression’s molecular mechanisms, more effective, targeted treatment strategies can be developed for treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Depression is a common, debilitating, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder affecting individuals across all age groups and populations....
Messiah Drift and the Phenomenology of Psilocybin: Cross-Kingdom Neurotransmitter Interception and Clinical Integration
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 25, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin's profound effects may stem from a surprising **biology** of cross-kingdom **communication**. A compelling **neuroscience** hypothesis posits psilocybin as an intercellular signaling molecule from mycelial networks, activating mammalian 5-HT2A receptors through evolutionary conservation. This **crosstalk** explains the **phenomenological coherence** of psychedelic experiences as self-generated under altered constraints, a key insight for **Cognitive science**. For clinical **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, a practical five-step anchoring protocol helps facilitators manage archetypal responses, addressing integration challenges with a dual-drift model in **Psychology**.
Abstract
Abstract This paper addresses two critical gaps as legal psilocybin mental health services expand: practical clinical protocols for integration cha...
Evolution and horizontal transfer of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster drive the diversification of magic mushrooms
Mycosphere – December 25, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin's genetic journey is remarkably dynamic. Sequencing 30 mushroom genomes and comparing them to 20,608 others revealed the psilocybin gene cluster likely originated from fungal gene duplication, not horizontal gene transfer from nonfungal sources. Yet, four independent horizontal gene transfer events and three distinct gene family configurations highlight complex evolutionary biology. Transcriptome analysis showed high PsiK gene expression in mycelium, but no psilocybin, suggesting precise genetic regulation within this multicellular organism. This genomics work advances fungal biology and applications, informing psychedelics and drug studies, and broader genetics research into fungal compounds, including those relevant to mushroom poisoning.
Abstract
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of “magic mushrooms,” is synthesized by a biosynthetic gene cluste...
Data: Evolution and horizontal transfer of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster drive the diversification of magic mushrooms
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 24, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, the compound in "magic mushrooms," is produced by a unique gene cluster. Analyzing 30 mushroom genomes and comparing them to 20,608 others in a broad genomics study, evolutionary biology reveals this gene cluster originated via gene duplication within fungal biology. While vertical inheritance shapes species' genetics, comparative genomics identified four independent horizontal gene transfer events. This genetic innovation, involving specific genes and their transcriptome expression, explains how multicellular organisms like fungi diversified psilocybin production, highlighting its pivotal role in evolution.
Abstract
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of “magic mushrooms,” is synthesized by a biosynthetic gene cluste...
Psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time-dependent manner
OpenAlex – December 22, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters social behavior and empathy differently across sexes. In female mice given 1.5 mg/kg, this psychedelic enhanced preference for social novelty for about 24 hours, but shifted to familiar preference after 7 days, linked to nucleus accumbens dopamine changes. Males, however, showed reduced stress and preferred familiar social relations, with blunted novelty responses. This neuroscience reveals prosocial behavior is not universal, highlighting the need for sex-informed psychology and drug studies, especially for conditions like anorexia where social inhibition is a factor.
Abstract
Abstract With the resurgence of psychedelic research and the growing interest in their therapeutic potential, there is an urgent need to understand...
From fungi to pharmacy: Applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications
Creative Science – December 19, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent alkaloid, demonstrates rapid, sustained antidepressant efficacy in clinical trials, signaling a renaissance in Psychopharmacology. This naturally occurring compound, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, functions as a prodrug. Its active form modulates 5-HT2A receptors, enhancing neuroplasticity—a key mechanism explored in Neuroscience. Advances in chemical synthesis and microbial biosynthesis are revolutionizing its production, moving beyond traditional plant sources. This progress in Pharmacology and Drug discovery positions psilocybin as a transformative agent, bridging biological pathways from fungi to therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid found in over 200 species of fungi, has emerged as a focal point in the modern revival of psy...
Wherefore the magic? The evolutionary role of psilocybin in nature
OpenAlex – December 19, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a fascinating chemical synthesis and alkaloid, significantly impacts invertebrate biology. In a crucial step for evolutionary biology, zoology reveals that exposing Drosophila larvae to Psilocybe mushroom extracts reduced their survival and locomotion. Adults also exhibited developmental stress, with smaller thoraxes and wings. This suggests natural selection may have favored psilocybin's production as a defense mechanism, a key insight for ecology and psychedelics and drug studies. Intriguingly, these effects occurred even in flies lacking 5HT2A receptors, challenging assumptions from psychology. This work grounds our understanding of psilocybin's ancient role.
Abstract
Abstract Research into psychedelic compounds is in resurgence due to the exciting potential for their use in the treatment of psychiatric and menta...
Ibogaine induces juvenile-like plasticity and modulates functional and structural regulators of plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex
OpenAlex – December 18, 2025
Summary
Ibogaine has the potential to rejuvenate neuroplasticity in the adult visual cortex, akin to juvenile levels. In a study with adult mice (n=40), ibogaine treatment (40 mg/kg) combined with four days of monocular deprivation significantly reduced visual acuity and dendritic spine density in the deprived eye. Notably, ibogaine diminished perineuronal nets and parvalbumin-positive interneurons, which typically inhibit plasticity. These findings suggest that ibogaine may facilitate therapeutic effects by re-establishing adaptability in the visual system, challenging traditional views on adult neural rigidity.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Psychedelics have emerged as powerful modulators of neural plasticity, yet whether the atypical psychedelic ibogaine can enhan...
Molecular Diagnostics, Circuit-Calming Modulators, and Controlled Neuroplastogens: Emerging Strategies in Precision Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters – December 16, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking blood-based gene-expression diagnostic targeting FOXG1 offers objective detection of PTSD, enhancing precision medicine efforts. In a sample of 150 individuals, this method shows promise for scalability in neuropsychiatric therapeutics. Additionally, benzocyclobutenyl-methylamine modulators effectively normalize neuronal hyperexcitability, while templated-carrier sublingual 5-MeO-DMT formulations provide controlled neuroplasticity without hallucinations. These innovations collectively bridge molecular diagnostics and targeted circuit modulation, paving the way for advanced digital mental health interventions and transformative treatments in neuroscience and computational biology.
Abstract
New inventions introduce complementary advances across neuropsychiatric therapeutics: a blood-based gene-expression diagnostic centered on FOXG1 fo...
Lysergic acid diethylamide-derived excitatory/inhibitory ratio change enhances global synchrony in functional brain dynamics
PLoS Computational Biology – December 15, 2025
Summary
LSD significantly enhances global brain synchrony and dynamic complexity, leading to a unique brain state that blurs the lines between perception and cognition. In a study analyzing resting-state fMRI data from 30 participants, LSD was shown to stabilize a globally synchronized, non-modular brain state, increasing transitions within cognitive control networks. This phenomenon is linked to a convergence in excitatory/inhibitory balance across cortical areas, suggesting that LSD may facilitate cognitive flexibility and potentially hold therapeutic promise for mental disorders marked by rigid thought patterns.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has shown remarkable potential in modulating brain functional organization and dynamics. However, the exact mechan...
ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — The Final Law of the Universe: Complete Repository (December 2025) — 430 MB Definitive Archive
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 14, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding reveals that a primordial current density of 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² can explain cosmology, consciousness, and quantum biology without invoking dark matter or energy. This comprehensive archive includes 486 reproducible Python proofs and raw EEG data from breakthrough subjects undergoing experiences like 5-MeO-DMT and sustained meditation. Key insights include consciousness as a physical field oscillating at 43 Hz, ego dissolution at 41 seconds, and a measurable immortality switch, suggesting profound connections between neurophysiology and enlightenment.
Abstract
Mihai Alexandru Bucurenciu (Aladin), independent researcher, Sibiu, Romania. This is the complete and definitive archive of ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — the Fin...
Network Rerouting Under Ayahuasca: Temporally and Hemisphere-Resolved EEG Connectomics
OpenAlex – December 11, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly alters brain connectivity, revealing distinct network-level changes over time. In a study involving 30 naïve users, EEG data showed that 2 hours post-dose, there was a notable decrease in hub influence and increased degree heterogeneity in the right hemisphere. Classification performance peaked at 93% accuracy using machine learning techniques. Specifically, posterior-left connections weakened while right temporal-central coupling strengthened. These findings suggest that as traditional communication pathways weaken, the brain shifts to less efficient, distributed networks, emphasizing the importance of temporal scale in understanding psychedelic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca profoundly alters conscious experience, yet robust, time-resolved EEG markers of its network-level effects remain limited. We co...
Psilocybin induces sex- and context-specific recruitment of the stress axis
Current Biology – December 09, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin robustly activates the body's stress system via specific hypothalamic neurons, with more pronounced responses observed in female mice. This activation relies on serotonin receptors, involving dual mechanisms. Crucially, psilocybin surprisingly alters how these stress-regulating brain cells react to environmental changes, causing a decrease in activity where stress typically elevates it. This context-specific modulation may be a key mechanism explaining its therapeutic potential for conditions like depression, highlighting the considerable influence of "setting" on the psychedelic experience.
Abstract
Following decades of prohibition, psychedelic drugs have reemerged as promising therapeutics for stress-related conditions, including depression an...
Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks
Cell – December 05, 2025
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin dramatically reconfigures brain connections, offering new insights into its therapeutic potential. In mice, psilocybin specifically strengthens communication pathways from areas involved in perception and self-reflection to deeper brain regions. Simultaneously, it weakens connections within repetitive cortical loops. This targeted rewiring, involving structural changes in brain cells, depends on brain activity during drug administration; silencing specific areas prevents the reorganization. These findings illuminate how psychedelics reshape large-scale brain networks, suggesting that modulating brain activity can guide psilocybin's profound effects.
Abstract
Psilocybin holds promise as a treatment for mental illnesses. One dose of psilocybin induces structural remodeling of dendritic spines in the media...
Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated “magic mushroom” Psilocybe cubensis in Africa
DRYAD – December 03, 2025
Summary
A significant discovery in **evolutionary biology** reveals a new "magic mushroom" **genus** member, *Psilocybe ochraceocentrata*, from Zimbabwe. This species forms a sister **clade** to *Psilocybe cubensis*, profoundly expanding our understanding of the Cubensae complex's hidden African **biology** and diversity. By modeling **geography** and **ecology**, this work aims to pinpoint *P. cubensis*'s debated origins. Such insights into fungal distribution are crucial, informing broader questions about how species spread globally and interact, sometimes even through human **domestication** or dispersal.
Abstract
The "magic mushroom" genus Psilocybe is globally distributed and has a hotspot of diversity in the temperate regions of the Americas, particularly ...