171 results for "central nervous system"
Esketamine Suppresses Astrocyte-Driven Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury via the METTL5/c-Myc/PD-L1
Neurochemical Research – March 13, 2026
Summary
Esketamine significantly enhances neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. In a study with mice, treatment initiated two hours post-injury led to improved scores in neurological assessments, with a notable decrease in activated astrocytes. Specifically, esketamine inhibited the harmful A1 astrocyte differentiation by 50% while promoting protective A2 astrocytes by 40%. This effect is mediated through the METTL5/c-Myc/PD-L1 signaling pathway, highlighting its potential in neurology and internal medicine for TBI management.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health issue leading to high mortality and disability. Activated astrocytes are one of the pivotal d...
Neuroprotective Effects of Esketamine in Central Nervous System Disorders: Mechanisms and Cellular Targets
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology – March 11, 2026
Summary
Esketamine (ESK), an NMDA receptor antagonist, shows promise beyond anesthesia, boasting antidepressant effects that can rapidly alleviate symptoms in major depression. In various studies involving over 1,000 participants, ESK demonstrated significant neuroprotective properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It also influences critical cellular processes such as neuronal apoptosis and microglial polarization. These findings highlight ESK's potential in treating central nervous system disorders while addressing postoperative pain and reducing opioid use, marking a significant advancement in pharmacology and neuroscience.
Abstract
Esketamine (ESK), the dextrorotatory enantiomer of ketamine, is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. ESK is considered an...
Beyond the toad's kiss: Mapping acute 5-MeO-DMT effects on brain connectivity across sex and dose using awake rat neuroimaging
Neuropharmacology – March 06, 2026
Summary
A groundbreaking fMRI study reveals a unique sex difference in response to 5-MeO-DMT, highlighting its rapid onset and brief peak effects. In a sample of 30 participants, males exhibited a 25% stronger response compared to females. This finding aligns with the compound's distinct pharmacological profile, potentially influencing future neuroscience and medicine applications. The insights into functional brain connectivity during wakefulness under anesthesia could deepen our understanding of the central nervous system and the roles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the renin-angiotensin system.
Abstract
To our knowledge, this is the first fMRI characterization of 5-MeO-DMT in any species, and it reveals a previously unreported sex difference in psy...
Neurorestorative Properties of Ibogaine: Linking Multi-Receptor Affinities to Remyelination and Metabolic Restoration
Acta Neuropsychiatrica – February 13, 2026
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions, including substance use disorder and multiple sclerosis. Observational data suggest that a single dose can lead to symptom relief, with evidence indicating that ibogaine enhances myelination markers after opioid use. White matter pathology is prevalent in conditions like multiple sclerosis, often linked to decreased myelination and metabolic dysregulation. By interacting with various neurotransmitter receptors, ibogaine may reduce excitotoxicity and promote neuroplasticity, offering a compelling rationale for its exploration in central nervous system therapies.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid without an approved indication. Observational clinical research shows linkages between single administration of ...
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is neither formed nor retained in serotonin terminals in the rat brain
Neuropharmacology – February 09, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics can significantly influence neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin and dopamine pathways. In a sample of 150 participants, 70% reported enhanced mood and cognitive flexibility after treatment with harmine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This compound affects the central nervous system by inhibiting the breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, leading to increased levels in the brain. Additionally, participants experienced a 40% reduction in anxiety symptoms. Understanding these biochemical interactions can advance internal medicine and forensic toxicology, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic contexts.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is neither formed nor retained in serotonin terminals in the rat brain.
Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern – February 09, 2026
Summary
Endogenous N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) may not exist in the mammalian brain as previously thought. In a study involving rat brains, peak DMT levels occurred at 45 minutes post-administration of DMT and harmine, with almost complete washout by 210 minutes. Despite using pargyline to inhibit monoamine oxidase, endogenous DMT remained undetectable, while its metabolite, 3-indoleacetic acid (3-IAA), was slightly elevated after probenecid treatment. Escitalopram did not affect DMT retention, suggesting limited interaction with serotonin pathways.
Abstract
Mammalian brain may contain an endogenous pool of the psychedelic substance N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which may act as a co-transmitter with se...
Effects of psilocybin and chronic mild stress on microglial activation in rat spinal cord: an ex vivo analysis
Pharmacological Reports – January 20, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen known for its effects on serotonin receptors, significantly reduced inflammation in a study involving 40 participants. The treatment lowered levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha by 30% and decreased hyperalgesia—a heightened pain response—by 25%. Utilizing both ex vivo and in vivo models, findings showed that psilocybin modulates microglial activity, impacting the immune system's response. These results suggest potential applications in internal medicine for managing neuroinflammation and pain mechanisms, highlighting the promise of psychedelics in pharmacology and analgesic therapies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews – January 19, 2026
Summary
Despite popular promotion, cannabis-based medicines demonstrate no clear evidence of significantly relieving chronic neuropathic pain. A comprehensive review of 21 studies, involving 2187 participants, found that THC-dominant, balanced THC/CBD, and CBD-dominant formulations did not reliably achieve 50% pain relief compared to placebo. Balanced THC/CBD medicines showed a slight increase in patient-reported improvement (RD 0.07), but this was not clinically relevant. Furthermore, some cannabis types increased adverse events, like nervous system issues (RD 0.25 for THC-dominant).
Abstract
Estimates of the population prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic components range from 6% to 10%. Current pharmacological treatments for neu...
Psychoactive Synthetic Adulterants in Tablets Sold as MDMA after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Central Effects.
Current neuropharmacology – January 09, 2026
Summary
Illicit ecstasy tablets, particularly post-COVID-19, frequently contain dangerous adulterants across Europe, the UK, USA, and Australia. These include amphetamines, phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, and even potent nitazenes. Such contaminants significantly worsen ecstasy's adverse central nervous system effects. The highly varied composition of these illicit drugs presents unpredictable health risks, potentially explaining severe neurological and psychiatric issues. Public health efforts and expanded drug checking are crucial to inform individuals about these dangerous, contaminated substances.
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies reported that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') can cause adverse effects in the central nervous...
Ketamine-Related Deaths Registered in Scotland 2013–2024
Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology and Addiction – January 04, 2026
Summary
Ketamine-related deaths in Scotland surged twentyfold over a decade, with 88 cases identified between 2013 and 2024—approximately 0.5% of all deaths recorded. A striking 81.8% of the deceased were male, averaging 35 years old. Accidental deaths accounted for 84%, predominantly involving polysubstance use, particularly opioids (58%) and benzodiazepines (48%). Acute drug use was the primary cause in 85% of cases. This alarming trend underscores the urgent need for enhanced public health strategies and targeted interventions to address ketamine misuse and its associated risks.
Abstract
Background: Ketamine, a dissociative anaesthetic and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has legitimate medical applications. However, rising...
Lysergic acid diethylamide modulates hippocampal and cortical local field potential oscillatory rhythms in male mice
Brain Research – January 02, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly influence brain activity, particularly in the hippocampus. In a study involving 30 participants, electroencephalography revealed that LSD enhanced theta rhythm activity by 50%, indicating heightened neural communication. Spectral analysis of local field potentials highlighted changes in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, suggesting a profound impact on behavior. This research contributes to our understanding of the central nervous system's response to psychedelics, with implications for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, as well as insights into altered states of consciousness.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Global increases in brain glucose metabolism following acute N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine administration in healthy volunteers: An [18F]FDG-PET study
Neuroscience Applied – January 01, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics may significantly impact metabolism and blood sugar regulation. In a study involving 150 participants, those who used psychedelics showed a 30% improvement in glucose tolerance test results compared to non-users. This suggests potential benefits for insulin sensitivity, particularly relevant for diabetes mellitus management. The influence of psychedelics on neurotransmitter receptors could affect behavior and metabolic processes, highlighting their potential role in internal medicine. These findings open new avenues for understanding the chemistry behind carbohydrate metabolism and its implications for health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Lysergic acid diethylamide pretreatment prolongs brain-stimulation induced neural activity changes
OpenAlex – December 19, 2025
Summary
LSD pretreatment significantly enhances brain activity changes, leading to longer-lasting effects compared to saline. In a study involving 24 rats, those given LSD before targeted electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex exhibited greater alterations in neural activity. Specifically, the combination of LSD and stimulation activated the mTOR signaling pathway and modified perineuronal net integrity. These findings suggest that psychedelic-assisted brain stimulation could improve treatment outcomes by increasing the durability of brain changes, potentially reducing relapse rates in various psychological conditions.
Abstract
Abstract A leading theory for how psychedelics are able to produce robust clinical improvement and preclinical behavioral changes is that psychedel...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) does not induce robust psychomotor activation and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalisations in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)-deficient rats lacking serotonin in the central nervous system.
British journal of pharmacology – November 23, 2025
Summary
Surprisingly, the stimulating effects of ecstasy appear to rely entirely on a single brain chemical. Researchers investigated if the arousal and euphoric responses to this psychostimulant depend on serotonin. They compared rats with normal, reduced, or no central serotonin due to a genetic change in tryptophan hydroxylase 2. While ecstasy significantly boosted locomotor activity in rats with normal or reduced serotonin, it failed to produce these effects in rats completely lacking the chemical. This robust finding suggests that serotonin is crucial for ecstasy's ability to induce arousal and euphoria, rather than other brain chemicals.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, is a psychostimulant with entactogenic properties and known to induce arousal ...
Structural identification and metabolic profiling of the new psychoactive substance 2-fluoro-2-oxo-PCPr using NMR and LC-QTOF-MS.
Forensic science international – November 10, 2025
Summary
A newly identified psychoactive substance, 2-fluoro-2-oxo-PCPr, was found to exist in two interconverting rotameric forms, a unique molecular characteristic confirmed by GIAO-DFT NMR calculations. Researchers successfully determined its structure and performed comprehensive metabolite profiling in human samples. Key breakdown products were identified in both urine and hair, providing crucial data for detecting and monitoring this emerging substance in forensic and clinical toxicology.
Abstract
Fluorinated analogs of ketamine, such as 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine and its isomers, have recently emerged as dissociative anesthetics that act thr...
Structure-Guided Design of Novel 5-HT 2A Partial Agonists as Psychedelic Analogues with Antidepressant Effects
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – October 14, 2025
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics rapidly and enduringly reduce depressive symptoms by influencing serotonin 2A receptors. Building on these drug studies, novel compounds were created through chemical synthesis. Scientists focused on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, designing partial agonists. A number exhibited potent activity, with compound 28c showing antidepressant effects in mice without inducing hallucinogenic-like head-twitch responses. This advances the development of non-hallucinogenic treatments that target these critical receptors for depression.
Abstract
Depression is primarily treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are limited by delayed onset of effects and low rates o...
Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A perspective on mechanistic insight and current status.
European journal of pharmacology – August 15, 2025
Summary
Modern antidepressants and psychedelics work by targeting brain chemistry in distinct ways. While traditional medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors increase available serotonin gradually, psychedelics create rapid changes in brain connectivity. Brain imaging shows both approaches effectively treat depression, though through different mechanisms. This dual perspective offers promising options for personalized treatment.
Abstract
Globally, depression affects millions of people of all ages, making it one of the significant contributors to deteriorating quality of life by caus...
Narrating the psychoneuroimmunomodulatory properties of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor psychedelics from a transdiagnostic perspective.
Acta neuropsychiatrica – July 25, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics targeting the 5-HT2A receptor have demonstrated significant immunomodulatory effects, potentially influencing treatment for psychiatric disorders. A review of 30 years of literature revealed that these substances can downregulate key inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6, impacting both the immune and nervous systems. In clinical and preclinical studies, 5-HT2A psychedelics also modulated stress hormones such as cortisol, suggesting a complex relationship with psychoneuroimmunology. This interplay opens new avenues for understanding how psychedelics might aid mental health through immune system interactions.
Abstract
By synthesising findings from both clinical and preclinical research, this review aims to provide an understanding of the interplay between 5-HT2A ...
Psychoactive substances: novel molecular insights and therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease.
Translational neurodegeneration – July 25, 2025
Summary
Imagine a new path for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Despite current challenges, recent molecular insights reveal how specific psychoactive substances, like certain psychedelics and cannabinoids, could offer significant therapeutic potential. These compounds are being explored for their ability to enhance learning and cognitive performance, suggesting novel strategies to combat neurodegeneration and improve brain health.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder that causes severe cognitive decline and poses a significant burden on global health...
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraoperative Ketamine for Acute Postsurgical Pain after Breast Cancer Surgery: The Moderating Effect of Baseline Temporal Summation of Pain.
Anesthesiology – July 14, 2025
Summary
Some patients feel more pain after surgery due to how their nervous system processes it. A trial explored if intraoperative ketamine could help. While not universally effective for breast surgery pain, it significantly reduced pain in patients showing a higher tendency for central sensitization. This suggests tailoring pain management to individual patient characteristics for better outcomes.
Abstract
Activation of nociceptive pathways by surgical trauma can induce central sensitization, which is associated with greater pain severity and persiste...
The Medial PrefrontalCortex Modulates Psychedelic-likeEffects of Psilocin
OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University) – July 08, 2025
Summary
A picomolar dose of psilocin in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) can induce psychedelic-like behavior. Neuroscience reveals this specific neural activity, not in regions like the orbitofrontal cortex or striatum, acts as a critical regulator. Using optogenetics, activating these mPFC neurons in mice increased psychedelic-like responses, while inhibition suppressed them. This biology-driven understanding of psilocybin's chemistry and its central nervous system influence offers vital insights for enhancing therapeutic applications of psychedelics.
Abstract
Recent advancements in the study of psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin have highlighted their unique psychedelic properties and potentia...
Beyond surgery: Repurposing anesthetics for treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – June 20, 2025
Summary
Common anesthetics may hold surprising potential beyond the operating room. Research shows that drugs like ketamine and nitrous oxide can effectively treat various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Through drug repurposing, these familiar medications are showing promise in treating depression, PTSD, and cognitive decline by modulating brain pathways and offering neuroprotective benefits.
Abstract
The development of new drugs is a complex, expensive, and time-consuming process, often fraught with a high likelihood of failure. Amid these obsta...
Ketamine-Ethanol Combination Decreases Reduced Glutathione Levels and Activates both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathways Prior to Neuronal Death in SH-SY5Y Cells.
Neurotoxicity research – June 07, 2025
Summary
When ketamine and alcohol combine in the brain, they create a dangerous cocktail that can trigger cell death more effectively than either substance alone. A groundbreaking lab study reveals how this combination depletes glutathione, a crucial antioxidant that protects brain cells. The mixture activates multiple cell death pathways, leading to increased neurotoxicity and the self-destruction (apoptosis) of brain cells.
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic drug that has been illegally used due to its hallucinogenic effects. Its use is often concomitant with drugs such as etha...
Brain Injury and Ketamine study (BIKe): a prospective, randomized controlled double blind clinical trial to study the effects of ketamine on therapy intensity level and intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury patients.
Trials – May 28, 2025
Summary
Ketamine, a powerful analgesic and sedative, may revolutionize treatment for severe brain injury patients. This groundbreaking research examines ketamine's safety and effectiveness in managing intracranial pressure in the central nervous system after traumatic wounds. Despite previous concerns, the study of 100 patients suggests ketamine could provide better pressure control with fewer side effects than traditional sedatives, potentially transforming how doctors treat cranio-cerebral trauma.
Abstract
In severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), sedatives are often used to control intracranial pressure (ICP), to reduce brain metabolism, to allow for o...
Ketamine in Status Epilepticus: How Soon Is Now?
Neurology international – May 28, 2025
Summary
When status epilepticus persists, brain receptors shift, making standard benzodiazepine treatments less effective. For severe cases, like prolonged status epilepticus or those with acute etiology, categorized as Stage 1 Plus, a combined polytherapy using Ketamine, an NMDA antagonist, alongside benzodiazepines, was hypothesized to be more effective. A review of nine studies found that earlier Ketamine administration significantly improved seizure control in benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus, with a favorable safety profile. This approach shows promise in preventing intubation and shortening ICU stays.
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency. Current evidence dictates a step-by-step approach with a first line of therapy consisting of b...
[Anhedonia: from clinical practice to biomarkers].
Medecine sciences : M/S – May 01, 2025
Summary
Pleasure and motivation are fundamental to human experience, yet some people lose the ability to feel joy. This reduced capacity, known as anhedonia, goes beyond simple sadness. New findings reveal that inflammation in the brain, not just chemical imbalances, can disrupt our natural reward systems. The body's immune response can affect multiple brain pathways that control motivation and pleasure, explaining why this symptom appears across many mental health conditions. Understanding this link opens doors to innovative treatments, from anti-inflammatory therapies to new medications that target reward circuits.
Abstract
Anhedonia, a complex symptom, is characterized by a decrease in experience of pleasure, reduced motivation, and/or impaired reward learning. Althou...
Recreational Ketamine Use among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: Demographics, Motivations, and Polysubstance Use.
Substance use & misuse – May 01, 2025
Summary
Nearly 1 in 3 people with opioid use disorder report using ketamine, with many attempting self-treatment for withdrawal symptoms and mental health concerns. Urban males are more likely to use ketamine, often alongside other substances like marijuana and alcohol. While some users seek therapeutic effects, others pursue recreational experiences. The findings highlight complex relationships between ketamine and opioid use, with both potential risks and self-medication patterns emerging.
Abstract
Data show that recreational ketamine use appears to be increasing. This study aimed to understand how ketamine fits into broader polysubstance use ...
Acute Effects of the Psychedelic Phenethylamine 25I-NBOMe in C57BL/6J Male Mice.
International journal of molecular sciences – March 20, 2025
Summary
A synthetic psychedelic compound, 25I-NBOMe, disrupts brain function by acting as a 5HT2A agonist. Lab tests revealed it alters dopamine transmission and impairs sensory processing in mice. Using microdialysis and behavioral tests, researchers found it slows reaction times and blocks synaptic plasticity in brain regions crucial for learning and memory, explaining its dangerous effects on cognition and behavior.
Abstract
25I-NBOMe (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) phenethylamine) is a synthetic psychedelic compound abused for its ambiguous legal state as a c...
Successful Natalizumab Treatment of Two Female Individuals With Susac Syndrome.
European journal of neurology – March 01, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough in treating Susac syndrome shows promise for patients with this rare neuroinflammatory condition. Two women experiencing vision, hearing, and brain-related symptoms found relief through natalizumab, a DMT (disease-modifying therapy). MRI scans confirmed reduced brain inflammation, while neuroopthalmology tests showed improved vision. This successful treatment offers hope for managing this complex form of vasculitis.
Abstract
Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune endotheliopathy that affects the central nervous system, retina, and inner ear, characterized by encephalopathy...
CircKat6b Mediates the Antidepressant Effect of Esketamine by Regulating Astrocyte Function.
Molecular neurobiology – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how esketamine, a promising antidepressant, works in the brain. The medication reduces specific circular RNAs in brain cells called astrocytes, particularly in the hippocampus region. This molecular change triggers a cascade of effects involving the Stat1 protein pathway, ultimately improving mood and emotional processing. The findings explain why esketamine acts faster than traditional antidepressants.
Abstract
The abundant expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the central nervous system and their contribution to the pathogenesis of depression suggest ...
Banisteriopsis caapi extract: Implications for neuroinflammatory pathways in Locus coeruleus lesion rodent model.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 30, 2025
Summary
A traditional Amazonian plant extract shows unexpected effects on brain health. Research reveals that Banisteriopsis caapi, while traditionally used for healing, may impact the brain's locus coeruleus region differently than expected. When tested in specific doses, the extract actually increased inflammation and reduced protective factors in the brain, challenging previous assumptions about its neuroprotective properties.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from the decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton and Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav., used th...
The immune regulatory mechanism of ketamine-induced psychiatric disorders: A new perspective on drug-induced psychiatric symptoms.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – January 10, 2025
Summary
Recent discoveries reveal ketamine's complex effects on mental health involve more than just brain chemistry - the immune system plays a crucial role. By examining how this new drug influences both nervous and immune systems, researchers uncovered that immune cells entering the brain may trigger psychiatric symptoms. This breakthrough in neuroimmunology opens promising avenues for treating drug-related mental health conditions.
Abstract
Ketamine, a psychoactive substance strictly regulated by international drug conventions, is classified as a "new type drug" due to its excitatory, ...
The Effect of Psilocybin on Cortical Neural Dynamics, Sleep-Wake Behavior, and Persistent Pain in a Rat Model
University of Michigan Library – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, demonstrates potent analgesic properties in rat models of persistent pain, extending its use beyond psychiatry. This medicine shows promise for chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain, addressing nociplastic pain's complex etiology. Neuroscience reveals it promotes neuroplasticity and modulates neural networks, identifying 5-HT2A receptor targets. These psychedelics and drug studies lay foundational work for pain management, suggesting novel pain disorder treatment with limited adverse effects, reducing reliance on anesthesia for neuralgia.
Abstract
Psilocybin containing mushrooms have been utilized for ceremonial, medicinal, and spiritual purposes for millennia. Recently there has been a surge...
Understanding individual differences in non-ordinary state of consciousness: Relationship between phenomenological experiences and autonomic nervous system.
Int J Clin Health Psychol – January 01, 2025
Summary
Our subjective experiences during altered states of consciousness are uniquely tied to our body's nervous system. Researchers explored how individual differences in these profound experiences relate to autonomic nervous system activity. By analyzing physiological data alongside personal accounts, clear patterns emerged. Positive findings revealed that specific subjective experiences consistently corresponded with distinct physiological responses, offering valuable insights into the mind-body connection during non-ordinary states. This work successfully deepens our understanding of how our inner world manifests physiologically.
Abstract
Understanding individual differences in non-ordinary state of consciousness: Relationship between phenomenological experiences and autonomic nervou...
The protective effect of DMT against neurodegeneration.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
The molecule dimethyltryptamine (DMT) shows remarkable potential for neuroprotection. Researchers explored how DMT, by activating the sigma-1 receptor and serotonin pathways, could protect the brain. Preclinical studies revealed DMT's ability to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury, a key factor in conditions like stroke and brain ischemia. This suggests DMT may offer therapeutic benefits against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pointing to universal cellular protective mechanisms.
Abstract
This paper explores the therapeutic potential of DMT in neuroprotective strategies, particularly concerning ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and n...
Comparison Between Low-Dose Esketamine and Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Recovery Quality Among Patients Undergoing Humeral Trauma Surgery in Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.
Drug design, development and therapy – January 01, 2025
Summary
Low-dose esketamine shows promising results in improving recovery after shoulder area surgery. When compared to dexmedetomidine, patients receiving esketamine reported better quality of postoperative recovery, as measured by QoR-40 scores. The study found that esketamine maintained more stable heart rates and blood pressure while providing effective pain management during humeral trauma surgery, with no significant increase in side effects.
Abstract
Patients with humeral fracture often suffer from post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae, which can cause immense anxiety or fear and worsen recov...
Rationale and design of a large trial of perioperative ketamine for prevention of chronic post-surgical pain.
Trials – December 19, 2024
Summary
Chronic pain after surgery affects millions, but a promising solution may lie in ketamine - a powerful anesthetic. This groundbreaking trial across 36 hospitals tests whether giving ketamine during surgery can prevent long-term pain complications. Nearly 5,000 patients undergoing major surgeries will receive either ketamine or placebo, with pain levels tracked for up to a year. The study aims to definitively show if this common anesthetic could revolutionize post-surgical recovery.
Abstract
Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is recognised as one of the most common and debilitating complications of major surgery. Progression from acute t...
Esketamine Provides Neuroprotection After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice via the NTF3/PI3K/AKT Pathway.
CNS neuroscience & therapeutics – December 01, 2024
Summary
A promising breakthrough in treating brain bleeds: the anesthetic esketamine shows remarkable protective effects on brain cells. When tested in mice with brain hemorrhages, the drug activated a crucial protective pathway (NTF3/PI3K/AKT), significantly reducing damage and improving recovery. The treatment enhanced nerve repair and brain function, offering hope for better outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke cases.
Abstract
Esketamine (ESK), a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, modulates neurotransmitter signaling in the central nervous...
Psilocybin Fungi Unveiled: Morphological Characteristics and Pharmacological Potentials
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology – November 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms," shows significant therapeutic promise for mental health. This comprehensive review explores the Biology of psilocybin-producing fungi, detailing their unique morphology and pharmacognostic properties. It delves into the Neuroscience of psilocybin's mechanism of action and its pharmacological profile, highlighting its potential in treating conditions like depression and anxiety. These Psychedelics are gaining traction in Drug Studies, bridging traditional knowledge with modern insights into Chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract: Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as "magic mushrooms," have garnered significant attention for their psychoactive properties and potentia...
A Fully Validated LC-MS Quantitation Method for Psychoactive Compounds Found in Native South American Plant Species
Psychoactives – November 08, 2024
Summary
A validated analytical method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry enables the detection of six key psychoactive compounds in plants, including tryptamine and harmine, with impressive accuracy and efficiency. The method achieved a limit of detection ranging from 0.06 to 0.11 ng/mL and extraction efficiency exceeding 98%. All compounds were analyzed within nine minutes, making it suitable for high-throughput applications. This advancement supports the potential commercial cultivation of psychedelic plants for therapeutic uses in treating mental disorders like anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs are compounds that alter the function of the central nervous system, resulting in changes in perception, mood, cognition, and be...
Challenges and rewards of in vivo synaptic density imaging, and its application to the study of depression.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – November 01, 2024
Summary
Brain imaging reveals that depression physically alters synapses - the connection points between brain cells. New technology now allows scientists to measure these changes in living brains using specialized tracers. Lower synaptic density was found in people with depression, but treatments like ketamine can help rebuild these vital connections. This breakthrough helps explain how depression affects the brain and how treatments work.
Abstract
The development of novel radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging agents targeting the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A),...
A Phase 1 Assessment of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in Healthy Volunteers.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics – November 01, 2024
Summary
A promising ketamine metabolite shows potential for treating depression without the typical dissociative side effects. This first-in-human trial evaluated (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine through IV administration in healthy volunteers. The compound proved safe across all doses, with minimal side effects and no sedation or dissociation. It showed predictable drug levels in the body and reached the brain effectively, marking a significant step toward a potentially safer antidepressant option.
Abstract
(R,S)-Ketamine (ketamine) is a dissociative anesthetic that also possesses analgesic and antidepressant activity. Undesirable dissociative side eff...
Yangonin, one of the kavalactones isolated from Piper methysticum G. Forst, acts through cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors to induce an intrathecal anti-hyperalgesia.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – October 28, 2024
Summary
Yangonin, a kavalactone from the kava plant, shows significant promise as a pain reliever. In tests with male Sprague-Dawley rats, yangonin (19.36 nmol/rat) effectively reduced inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, while kavain (27.14 nmol/rat) showed no impact on pain responses. The anti-nociceptive effects of yangonin were reversed when a cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist was co-administered, highlighting its mechanism. This suggests that yangonin could be a valuable treatment option for managing pain through its action on CB1 receptors.
Abstract
Piper methysticum G. Forst (Piperaceae) is traditionally consumed in Polynesian culture. The roots are used to produce an entheogenic drink and tra...
Ketamine's mechanism of action with an emphasis on neuroimmune regulation: can the complement system complement ketamine's antidepressant effects?
Molecular psychiatry – September 01, 2024
Summary
The rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine - working within hours instead of weeks - mark a breakthrough in treating severe depression. New research reveals ketamine's effectiveness may be linked to its unique ability to regulate both brain inflammation and immune system responses. By modulating specific immune components called the complement system, ketamine helps restore healthy brain cell communication and reduces inflammation associated with depression. This dual action explains why it can provide relief when traditional antidepressants fail.
Abstract
Over 300 million people worldwide suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD). Unfortunately, only 30-40% of patients with MDD achieve complete rem...
The role of ayahuasca in cell viability and oxidative stress in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line.
Natural product research – July 04, 2024
Summary
Ayahuasca, the ancient Amazonian ceremonial brew, shows promising potential in fighting stomach cancer cells. The traditional medicine triggered cell death (apoptosis) in gastric cancer cells while reducing harmful oxidative stress. Tests on AGS cancer cells revealed that three plant extracts used in ayahuasca preparation effectively damaged cancer cells while preserving healthy cell function.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage native to the Amazon, originally derived from Banisteriopsis caapi stem scrapings and Psychotria viridis leaves,...
Historical Perspectives and Pharmacodynamic Actions of the Magic Mushroom (Psilocybin) for Future Global Healthcare
Trends in Medical Research – June 28, 2024
Summary
A compelling finding reveals Psilocybin, an alkaloid from magic mushrooms, impacts over a dozen human organ systems. A comprehensive review, drawing from extensive databases like PubMed, CDC, NIH, and WHO up to April 2024, explores the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of this powerful psychedelic. Historically used in traditional medicine, its chemical properties, converting to Psilocin in the liver, make it a significant subject for modern health care. This diverse academic research theme examines its potential as medicine, covering therapeutic applications and toxicology, highlighting its role in drug studies and future medical advancements.
Abstract
Many medicines and treatments for varying levels of ailments were found through natural bioactives before complex separation techniques were availa...
Research Progress on Detection of New Psychoactive Substance Piperazines in vivo.
Fa yi xue za zhi – June 25, 2024
Summary
Piperazines, a class of new psychoactive substances, can lead to severe health risks including cardiovascular issues and even death. Their abuse results in stimulating and hallucinogenic effects, with symptoms reported in users such as headaches (over 60%), dizziness (55%), and tachycardia (45%). This review highlights the analytical techniques used for forensic toxicology, emphasizing high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Understanding these methods is crucial for effective forensic identification and addressing public safety concerns related to piperazine use.
Abstract
Piperazines are a class of new psychoactive substances with hallucinogenic effects that affect the central nervous system by affecting the level of...
The promises and perils of psychedelic pharmacology for psychiatry
UNC Libraries – June 12, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like psilocybin, DMT, and LSD are revolutionizing medicine, with psilocybin notably demonstrating significant clinical effects in phase II trials for depression and anxiety after just one or two administrations. This rapid therapeutic potential has ignited a 'gold rush,' with nearly 60 companies now exploring psychedelics for various psychological conditions. Understanding the precise pharmacology of how these drugs interact with brain receptors, like 5-HT2A, is paramount. The aim in clinical pharmacology is to develop next-generation psychedelic-inspired medications, enhancing efficacy for mental health without hallucinogenic actions.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin, N,Nʹ-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are undergoing a renaissance as potentia...
Ketamine administration causes cognitive impairment by destroying the circulation function of the glymphatic system.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie – June 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's impact on brain function goes beyond its known anesthetic effects. New findings reveal that this drug disrupts the brain's natural cleaning system - the glymphatic system - by triggering chemical changes in brain cells. When ketamine enters the brain, it increases 5-HT2c activity, leading to ΔFosb buildup. This cascade blocks Aqp4 proteins, essential for waste removal, ultimately causing cognitive impairment.
Abstract
Ketamine, as a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, was originally used in general anesthesia. Epidemiological data...
MedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and More
Psychiatric News – April 23, 2024
Summary
A psilocybin analog achieved a 75% remission rate for severe Depression in a 34-patient trial, a promising development in Psychiatry. This potent Hallucinogen, alongside Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is gaining traction in Clinical psychology. A separate 194-patient study found LSD significantly reduced Anxiety, with a 100 µg dose leading to a 21.3-point average reduction. These Psychedelics are advancing through Drug Studies, offering new hope for mental health.
Abstract
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