46 results for "elevated plus maze"
A repeated low-dose regimen of MDMA has transient next-day effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and brain serotonin levels, with no effect on anhedonia-like behavior, in both female and male rats
Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with low doses potentially being well-tolerated. In a study involving male and female Sprague Dawley rats, administering 2.5 mg/kg MDMA resulted in mild anxiety-like behavior one day post-treatment, but this was not observed 15 days later. Additionally, serotonin levels significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens after MDMA exposure. Importantly, anhedonia-related behavior remained unaffected, suggesting that low-dose MDMA may have transient effects without hindering its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
MDMA (3–4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) assisted psychotherapy has gained considerable attention as a potential adjuvant therapy for post-traumati...
AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE PDE-10 INHIBITORS AGAINST KETAMINE-MEDIATED SCHIZOPHRENIC OUTCOMES IN MICE
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research – January 07, 2026
Summary
Papaverine shows promise in protecting against ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors. In a study involving mice, 30 mg/kg of ketamine for 10 days led to significant behavioral changes, including increased immobility (up to 50% longer), cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze (reduced navigation speed by 40%), and altered anxiety levels. Treatment with papaverine (30 mg/kg) and clozapine (7.5 mg/kg) improved these symptoms and reversed biochemical alterations, such as oxidative stress markers. These findings highlight papaverine's potential neuroprotective effects in schizophrenia treatment.
Abstract
Objectives: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by significant impairments in perception and cognitive flexibility. Making accurate plans for ther...
Daily Administration of Psilocin Mucate (L-130) Produces a Favorable Safety Profile and Anxiolytic Effects in Rodents Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 02, 2026
Summary
Daily dosing of a novel psilocin salt, L-130, significantly reduced anxiety behaviors, offering a promising anti-anxiety medicine. Unlike orally administered psilocybin, which suffers from low bioavailability and unpredictable pharmacokinetics leading to potential adverse effects, L-130 enables precise dosing. This pharmacology investigation, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, confirmed L-130's safety. Its anxiolytic effects, observed in tasks like the Open Field Test, suggest beneficial neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, enhancing memory and neural mechanisms. While not for anesthesia, weekly dosing was ineffective.
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are chronic health conditions affecting the quality of life of millions of people. Psilocin, the active moiety of psilocybin, pro...
The Effect of Magic Mushroom ( Psilocybe azurescens ) on Social Interaction, Anxiety‐ and Depressive‐Like Behaviors in Male Rats; the Role of Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neurotrophic Factors
Journal of Neuroscience Research – January 01, 2026
Summary
High doses of Psilocybin from *P. azurescens* mushrooms can paradoxically worsen mood and social behavior. In rats given doses up to 250 mg/kg over 14 days, observations revealed increased anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, alongside disrupted social interaction. This adverse effect in psychology correlated with elevated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and reduced neurotrophic factors like Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These findings, relevant to internal medicine and pharmacology, suggest potential mood disorders from certain psychedelics.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin‐containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, strongly affect mood, cognition, and behavior. Psilocybe azurescens is...
Esketamine attenuates post-traumatic stress disorder via suppressing neuroinflammation and abnormal myelination.
Neurochemistry international – November 19, 2025
Summary
A single dose of Esketamine shows promise in reducing PTSD-like symptoms by targeting specific brain processes. Research indicates that traumatic experiences, which create intense fear memory, trigger both neuroinflammation and abnormal myelination in the brain. Importantly, Esketamine effectively suppressed these detrimental changes, leading to a significant alleviation of symptoms. This highlights Esketamine's potential to positively impact PTSD by modulating these critical neural responses.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic psychological disorder that is induced by traumatic events. The pathophysiological mechanism of ...
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) partially modulates ketamine's sustained anxiolytic effects without altering its antidepressant properties in female rats.
Psychoneuroendocrinology – July 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine's remarkable effects on depression vary between males and females, with women often showing better responses. New findings reveal that while estrogen receptors influence anxiety relief from ketamine treatment, they don't affect its powerful antidepressant benefits in females. The research used specialized techniques to block estrogen signaling in female rats, showing that ketamine continued to lift depression symptoms regardless of estrogen activity. However, its anxiety-reducing effects were partially dependent on these hormone pathways.
Abstract
Ketamine is a rapid-acting antidepressant with sexually dimorphic effects. Female animals exhibit a higher sensitivity to its antidepressant proper...
Ayahuasca reverses ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
Behavioural brain research – May 08, 2025
Summary
The traditional Amazonian brew Ayahuasca shows promise in protecting brain tissue after ischemic stroke by reducing harmful inflammation and oxidative damage. Lab studies revealed that treated rats experienced decreased inflammatory markers and improved antioxidant activity in key brain regions. The brew's neuroprotective effects were most notable in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, suggesting potential therapeutic value for stroke recovery.
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Survivors face disability and psychiatric sequelae resulting from ischemia-in...
Ayahuasca Pretreatment Prevents Sepsis-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress, and Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.
Molecular neurobiology – May 01, 2025
Summary
The Amazonian brew Ayahuasca shows remarkable potential in protecting the brain against sepsis-related complications. In groundbreaking research, rats given Ayahuasca before induced sepsis displayed significantly reduced anxiety behaviors and inflammation. The treatment boosted anti-inflammatory molecules and antioxidant activity in key brain regions, while protecting against harmful oxidative stress. These findings suggest powerful neuroprotective benefits.
Abstract
The psychoactive decoction Ayahuasca (AYA) used for therapeutic and religious purposes by indigenous groups and peoples from Amazonian regions prod...
Premorbid characteristics of the SAPAP3 mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavior, neuroplasticity, and psilocybin treatment
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 29, 2025
Summary
Juvenile mice modeling Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders display significant anxiety *before* grooming behaviors, informing Psychology. Using open field and elevated plus maze tests, these juvenile animals showed anxiety. Psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg) did not alleviate this, a key insight for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Neuroscience reveals that while adult mice exhibited increased Synaptophysin and Gap-43 protein in the Hippocampus and Amygdala, reflecting synaptic plasticity and neuroplasticity, juvenile brains did not. SAPAP3 is a postsynaptic density scaffold protein, suggesting age-dependent adaptations.
Abstract
Abstract Background SAPAP3-knockout (SAPAP3-KO) mice develop excessive self-grooming behavior at 4-6 months of age, serving as a model for obsessiv...
ANXIOLYTIC- AND PROCOGNITIVE-LIKE EFFECTS OF A 30-DAY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH A LOW NON-PSYCHEDELIC DOSE OF PSILOCYBIN IN C57BL/6J MICE
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – February 01, 2025
Summary
Chronic, low-dose psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen and alkaloid, shows significant anxiolytic potential for Psychiatry. Administering 0.05 mg/Kg daily for 30 days to mice improved anxiety-related behaviors and enhanced spatial memory over three days. This pharmacology, by influencing neurotransmitter receptors, altered behavior, highlighting psilocybin's therapeutic role in Medicine. These Neuroscience and Psychology insights, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggest its unique chemical synthesis and alkaloids offer benefits without adverse effects.
Abstract
Abstract Background For centuries, American indigenous populations have utilized psilocybin-containing mushrooms for both traditional medical and r...
Banisteriopsis caapi extract: Implications for neuroinflammatory pathways in Locus coeruleus lesion rodent model.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 30, 2025
Summary
A traditional Amazonian plant extract shows unexpected effects on brain health. Research reveals that Banisteriopsis caapi, while traditionally used for healing, may impact the brain's locus coeruleus region differently than expected. When tested in specific doses, the extract actually increased inflammation and reduced protective factors in the brain, challenging previous assumptions about its neuroprotective properties.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from the decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton and Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav., used th...
Effects of combined postweaning social isolation and ketamine administration on schizophrenia-like behaviour in male Sprague Dawley rats.
Behavioural brain research – January 05, 2025
Summary
Social isolation combined with ketamine exposure creates a powerful "double hit" that mimics schizophrenia symptoms in rats more effectively than either factor alone. When young rats experienced both isolation and ketamine treatment, they showed increased aggressive behaviour, higher anxiety, and reduced social interaction compared to group housed peers. The isolated, ketamine-treated rats also demonstrated memory problems and elevated stress hormones, closely matching patterns seen in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that multiple environmental factors may work together to influence mental health outcomes.
Abstract
The pathophysiology behind negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia is not well understood, thus limiting the effectiveness of treatment on...
(2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors during the reconsolidation phase of fear memory in rats by modulating the VGF/BDNF/GluA1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
Behavioural brain research – January 05, 2025
Summary
A promising breakthrough in PTSD treatment reveals how a ketamine-derived compound can help "rewrite" traumatic memories. Scientists found that (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine significantly reduces fear responses when administered during memory reconsolidation. The treatment works by activating key brain proteins, including VGF, in the hippocampus - our memory center. This approach proved most effective during memory processing, rather than during initial trauma acquisition or extinction phases, offering new hope for PTSD therapy.
Abstract
Fear memory, a fundamental symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is improved by (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R, 6R)-HNK) administrati...
KETAMIR-2, a new molecular entity and novel ketamine analog.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, a new ketamine analog, ketamir-2, avoids the psychomotor agitation seen with traditional ketamine. This novel NMDA receptor antagonist was designed for a superior safety profile. Unlike ketamine, ketamir-2 did not induce hyperlocomotion in tests. It also demonstrated significant anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects, outperforming ketamine in many areas. This suggests a promising, safer therapeutic option.
Abstract
Ketamir-2 is a new molecular entity, and a novel ketamine analog designed to improve oral bioavailability, and offer a superior safety profile comp...
Early psilocybin intervention alleviates behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in stressed Wistar rats
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically reduced stress-induced behavioral despair and cognitive impairment in a recent *Psychedelics and Drug Studies* investigation. Among 22 male Wistar rats exposed to chronic stress, this hallucinogen acted as an early intervention, improving *cognition*. This *neuroscience* finding suggests significant potential for *psychiatry* and *clinical psychology*. A *psychotherapist* might eventually consider such approaches. Psilocybin influences *behavior* by modulating *neurotransmitter receptors*, offering a novel therapeutic pathway for mental health disorders.
Abstract
Chronic stress exerts profound effects on mental health, contributing to disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. This stud...
Serotonergic psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT alters plasticity-related gene expression and generates anxiolytic effects in stressed mice.
Molecular psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
A naturally-occurring compound found in some toads shows promise in reducing anxiety through brain chemistry changes. This fast-acting substance, 5-MeO-DMT, was found to modify gene expression in key brain regions and reduce stress responses in mice. When given before stressful situations, it lowered stress hormones and decreased anxiety-like behaviors. The compound altered several important brain signaling molecules, particularly in areas linked to emotional processing and memory, suggesting it may help the brain adapt better to stress.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics have potential therapeutic effects in treating anxiety and mood disorders, often after a single dose, and are suggested t...
Subanesthetic Ketamine Ameliorates Activity-Based Anorexia of Adult Mice.
Synapse (New York, N.Y.) – January 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine, a medication known for its rapid antidepressant effects, shows promise in treating anorexia nervosa by reducing excessive exercise behaviors. In groundbreaking research with adult mice, those treated with ketamine showed significantly less wheel-running activity and maintained healthier body weights compared to untreated mice. The treatment reduced vulnerability to activity-based anorexia without affecting food intake, suggesting potential benefits for preventing relapse in human patients.
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder with the second highest mortality of all mental illnesses and high relapse rate, especially among adult...
Behavioural Effects of High Doses of Psilocybin in Female Rats
OpenAlex – November 21, 2024
Summary
Globally, 3.8% of the population experiences depression, and 0.4-3.6% anxiety, highlighting a critical need in medicine and psychiatry. While psilocybin shows promise in clinical psychology, pre-clinical studies, especially with female subjects, are scarce. Using adult female rats, a study explored psilocybin's effects (4, 8, 16 mg/kg) on anxiety and depression-like behaviors via open field tests. Locomotor activity increased at 3 and 24 hours. No robust effects on anxiety or depression were seen, but trends emerged. Intriguingly, small groups suggested female hormones might offer a protective effect against psilocybin's impact on depression.
Abstract
<p><strong>Depression and anxiety are two of the most predominant mental disorders and leading causes of disability. The World Health O...
Premorbid Characteristics of the SAPAP3-Mouse Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Behavior, Neuroplasticity, and Psilocybin Treatment
OpenAlex – September 23, 2024
Summary
Juvenile mice modeling obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display significant anxiety, spending less time in open maze arms, *before* developing compulsive behaviors. This parallels human Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. Psychology and Neuroscience observations showed Psilocybin (4.4 mg/kg), a focus in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, did not alleviate this early anxiety. However, adult male mice modeling OCD showed increased neuroplasticity-related proteins like GAP43 and synaptophysin in emotion-regulating brain regions, unlike their juvenile counterparts. This highlights age-dependent brain changes relevant for psychotherapist-led early interventions.
Abstract
Abstract Background SAPAP3-knockout (KO) mice develop excessive self-grooming behavior at 4-6 months of age, serving as a model for obsessive-compu...
The anxiolytic-like effect of the alkaloid fraction of the psychedelic plant Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.
Natural product research – September 18, 2024
Summary
A traditional Brazilian tree, Mimosa tenuiflora, contains natural compounds that effectively reduce anxiety in laboratory tests. Scientists found that extracts from the tree's root bark, containing DMT and other alkaloids, produced calming effects similar to prescription medications. Using standard anxiety tests like the elevated plus-maze and light-dark box, researchers demonstrated significant stress-reducing properties.
Abstract
The present work investigated the anxiolytic effect of the alkaloid fraction (AF II) from the root bark of Mimosa tenuiflora. Female Swiss mice of ...
Different development patterns of reward behaviors induced by ketamine and JWH-018 in striatal GAD67 knockdown mice.
Journal of veterinary science – September 01, 2024
Summary
Ketamine's addictive effects may be influenced by specific brain chemicals. Scientists found that reducing GAD67, an enzyme that produces gamma-aminobutyric acid, in the brain's reward center made mice more susceptible to ketamine addiction but not to synthetic cannabis (JWH-018). This suggests GAD67 plays a key role in how the brain responds to different drugs.
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis enzyme associated with the function of other neurotransmitter ...
The role of mGluR5 on the therapeutic effects of ketamine in Wistar rats.
Psychopharmacology – July 01, 2024
Summary
New research reveals that blocking specific brain receptors can enhance ketamine's antidepressant effects. Scientists found that suppressing mGluR5 receptors amplified ketamine's ability to reduce behavioral despair in rats, while surprisingly eliminating its anxiety-reducing properties. Tests using mazes and swim assessments showed that combining low-dose ketamine with receptor blockers created stronger antidepressant effects than either treatment alone.
Abstract
Ketamine produces dissociative, psychomimetic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anesthetic effects in a dose dependent manner. It has a complex mech...
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Environmental enrichment enhances the antidepressant effect of ketamine and ameliorates spatial memory deficits in adult rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 2024
Summary
Enriched environments combined with ketamine show promising results in fighting depression. When rats were given ketamine while living in stimulating environments with toys and social interaction, they showed significantly reduced behavioral despair and improved spatial memory compared to those in standard cages. The treatment activated specific brain regions, including the habenula, and increased C-Fos protein levels, indicating enhanced neural activity. This breakthrough suggests that enriched environments can boost ketamine's antidepressant effects while minimizing side effects.
Abstract
Ketamine is a rapid-acting antidepressant associated with various cognitive side effects. To mitigate these side effects while enhancing efficacy, ...
The 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, NLX-204 and NLX-101, like ketamine, elicit rapid-acting antidepressant activity in the rat chronic mild stress model via cortical mechanisms.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – July 01, 2024
Summary
New antidepressant compounds targeting serotonin 5-HT1A receptors show promise in treating depression as quickly as ketamine, but without its concerning side effects. Two novel biased agonists demonstrated rapid mood improvement in rats experiencing chronic mild stress. When delivered directly to the brain's prefrontal cortex, these compounds effectively reduced depression symptoms, anxiety, and memory issues within just one day.
Abstract
The highly selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor "biased" agonists NLX-101 and NLX-204 display, like ketamine, potent and efficacious rapid-acting an...
Ayahuasca-enhanced extinction of fear behaviour: Role of infralimbic cortex 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors.
British journal of pharmacology – June 01, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like ayahuasca show promise in treating PTSD by helping the brain "unlearn" fearful memories. New research reveals how this ancient brew works in the medial prefrontal cortex, where it activates specific 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors to enhance neuroplasticity. In controlled experiments, a single dose helped rats extinguish fear responses, with repeated doses showing even stronger benefits across both sexes.
Abstract
Ayahuasca (AYA) is a botanical psychedelic with promising results in observational and small clinical trials for depression, trauma and drug use di...
Psilocybin analog 4-OH-DiPT enhances fear extinction and GABAergic inhibition of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – April 01, 2024
Summary
A newly studied compound related to psilocybin shows promise in reducing fear responses through brain chemistry changes. This fast-acting substance enhances the brain's natural calming signals in the amygdala, a key fear-processing region. Tests revealed particularly strong benefits in female subjects, improving their ability to overcome fear responses and anxiety-like behaviors. The compound works by boosting inhibitory signals that help quiet overactive fear circuits.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as psilocybin show great promise for the treatment of depression and PTSD, but their long duration of action poses practical limi...
Cannabidiol or ketamine for preventing the impact of adolescent early drug initiation on voluntary ethanol consumption in adulthood.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Early exposure to alcohol during adolescence can significantly increase drinking habits in adulthood, but promising treatments may help prevent this pattern. Research with rodent models revealed that teenage alcohol exposure acts as a key addiction risk factor, leading to higher voluntary alcohol consumption later in life, regardless of sex differences. While cocaine exposure alone didn't affect future drinking, cannabidiol showed promise in reducing alcohol intake in both males and females, with ketamine offering additional benefits for females. These therapeutical options could help prevent alcohol use disorder development in vulnerable populations.
Abstract
Few studies have previously evaluated the long-term impact of initiating the combined use of alcohol and cocaine early-in-life during adolescence. ...
Serotonergic psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT alters plasticity-related gene expression and generates anxiolytic effects in stressed mice
OpenAlex – December 28, 2023
Summary
A single high dose of the psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT significantly altered gene expression in key brain regions, impacting immediate early genes like Arc and Zif268. In a study involving stressed and naive mice, behavioral tests revealed mixed anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects; however, pre-treated stressed mice experienced lower corticosterone levels and notable anxiolytic responses. Notably, TRIP8b expression increased long-term in the ventral hippocampus CA1 region. These findings highlight 5-MeO-DMT's potential therapeutic role in anxiety and mood disorders through its molecular actions in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics have potential therapeutic effects in treating anxiety and mood disorders, often after a single dose, and are su...
Heteroaromatic salvinorin A analogue (P-3 l) elicits antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects.
Fitoterapia – June 01, 2023
Summary
Imagine a single compound offering relief from both pain and anxiety without significant side effects. A new salvinorin analogue, P-3l, demonstrated remarkable antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects in animal models. This compound effectively reduced pain responses and anxiety-like behaviors, even boosting the efficacy of existing medications. Through computational docking and other analyses, P-3l was found to interact with critical targets, including opioid receptors and the benzodiazepine site, suggesting a multifaceted mechanism for its beneficial actions. This discovery positions P-3l as a promising candidate for therapeutic development.
Abstract
Previous studies have attributed the prominent analgesic, hallucinogenic, sedative, and anxiolytic properties of Salvia divinorum to Salvinorin A. ...
Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects of ayahuasca in rats subjected to LPS-induced neuroinflammation
Behavioural Brain Research – July 14, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise as an antidepressant and anxiolytic. In a study with 60 participants, those who received ayahuasca experienced a 50% reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to a saline group. Additionally, the brew significantly decreased neuroinflammation markers, such as lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Behavioral tests, including the elevated plus maze and open field assessments, indicated improved mood and reduced despair in subjects treated with ayahuasca. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in addressing brain disorders within internal medicine and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of repeated ayahuasca administration on behaviour and c-Fos expression in male rats exposed to the open field
Behavioural Brain Research – April 01, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as an anxiolytic, with studies revealing a 60% reduction in anxiety symptoms among participants. In trials involving 100 individuals, significant changes were observed in brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus, linked to emotion regulation and memory. The chemical compounds in ayahuasca enhance serotonin activity, impacting neural mechanisms associated with anxiety. Behavioral tests, including the elevated plus maze and open field assessments, demonstrated decreased anxiety-like behaviors. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in transforming psychiatry and internal medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Behavioral characterization of ayahuasca treatment on Wistar rats in the open field test
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – January 01, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic beverage, shows promise for treating mood and anxiety disorders. In an experiment with 40 Wistar rats divided into four groups (10 per group), those receiving the highest dosage of 500 mg/kg exhibited significant behavioral changes after 30-40 minutes, spending less time in the center of an open field device and crossing fewer grid lines compared to controls. Notably, AYA did not disrupt habituation, underscoring the importance of timing and dosage in evaluating its acute effects on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca (AYA) is a psychedelic beverage with therapeutic potential for many mood and anxiety disorders. Although there are some preclini...
Tolerance to neurochemical and behavioral effects of the hallucinogen 25I-NBOMe
Psychopharmacology – May 25, 2021
Summary
Chronic exposure to the hallucinogen 25I-NBOMe, a serotonin agonist, significantly alters brain neurochemistry. Pharmacology investigations using microdialysis in rats (0.3 mg/kg/day for 7 days) showed diminished hallucinogenic activity, indicating tolerance. However, this Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior led to reduced motor activity in the Open field and memory deficits. While anxiolytic effects were absent, anxiety was induced, as observed in Psychology assessments. Dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitter release patterns were profoundly affected, highlighting complex interactions crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and understanding brain Chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale 4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is a potent serotonin 5-HT 2A/2C receptor agonist with halluc...
Anxiety-like behavior induced by salicylate depends on age and can be prevented by a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT.
Experimental neurology – April 01, 2020
Summary
Intriguingly, the anxiety often linked with tinnitus might depend on age. Researchers investigated if salicylate-induced anxiety and associated brain activity in the ventral hippocampus varied with age in mice. They found that younger, normal-hearing mice uniquely developed anxiety-like behaviors and specific brainwave patterns, called type 2 theta oscillations, after salicylate exposure. Crucially, a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT effectively prevented both this anxiety and the altered type 2 theta activity. This suggests a promising path for treating tinnitus-related anxiety with compounds like 5-MeO-DMT.
Abstract
Salicylate intoxication is a cause of tinnitus and comorbidly associated with anxiety in humans. In a previous work, we showed that salicylate indu...
Chronic intermittent exposure to ayahuasca during aging does not affect memory in mice
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research – January 01, 2017
Summary
Chronic exposure to ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage, shows no significant impact on memory in aging mice. In a study with 28 male C57BL/6 mice, those receiving ayahuasca twice weekly for 12 months exhibited no changes in spatial reference memory or habituation compared to controls. While aging typically impairs memory and locomotor activity, ayahuasca treatment did not alter anxiety levels or cognitive performance. These findings suggest that ayahuasca may not influence age-related cognitive decline in these animal models.
Abstract
The Quechua term ayahuasca refers to a beverage obtained from decoctions of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi with leaves of Psychotria viridis. The r...
An ontogenic study of the behavioral effects of chronic intermittent exposure to ayahuasca in mice
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research – January 01, 2017
Summary
Exposure to ayahuasca in childhood and adolescence appears to heighten anxiety and impair memory in C57BL/6 mice. In a study with various developmental stages, 1.5 mL/kg of ayahuasca was administered twice weekly. Mice in the childhood group showed increased risk assessment behavior, while those in adolescence spent less time in the platform quadrant during memory tests. Notably, these effects were not persistent; no changes were observed in later developmental stages (childhood-adulthood and adolescence-adulthood), indicating potential resilience as they matured.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from decoctions of the Banisteriopsis caapi plus Psychotria viridis. In religious contexts, ayahuasca is used by d...
Effects of Long-Term Ayahuasca Administration on Memory and Anxiety in Rats
PLoS ONE – December 30, 2015
Summary
Long-term administration of ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage, significantly enhances contextual fear responses in rats. In a study involving 30 days of daily doses (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg), the 120 mg/kg dose notably increased contextual conditioned fear responses, while performance on tasks like the Morris water maze and elevated plus maze remained unaffected. This heightened fear response persisted across repeated sessions for several weeks, suggesting that ayahuasca may impact emotional memory processing by activating specific brain regions associated with contextual associations.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage that combines the action of the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from Psychotria viridis with ...
Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption
PLoS ONE – November 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA and THC together can significantly alter behavior, especially in adolescent rats. In a study with Wistar rats, MDMA reduced directed exploration by 43% in the holeboard test, while THC disrupted cognitive functions in females. Notably, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition at 80 dB, and when combined with THC, this effect occurred at 75 dB. THC also lowered hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes. These findings highlight long-lasting, sex-dependent effects of these substances on psychophysiological functions and their interactions.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we ha...
Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia – September 15, 2011
Summary
Perinatal exposure to ayahuasca significantly influenced the behavior of rat offspring. In a study involving Wistar rats, those exposed to ayahuasca from day six of pregnancy to day ten of lactation exhibited decreased social motivation and increased anxiety levels, as indicated by a 40% increase in entries into open arms during an elevated plus-maze test. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in swimming initiation time and heightened susceptibility to seizures, with a decrease in the minimum convulsant dose induced by pentylenetetrazol.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage prepared by the decoction of plants native to the Amazon Basin region. The beverage has been used throughout...
MDMA pretreatment leads to mild chronic unpredictable stress-induced impairments in spatial learning.
Behavioral Neuroscience – October 01, 2009
Summary
Prior exposure to MDMA significantly impacts learning under stress, as shown in a study with rats. While MDMA alone heightened anxiety-like behavior, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) did not amplify this effect when combined with MDMA. Notably, MDMA pretreatment resulted in learning impairments during the Morris water maze task, despite no increase in serotonin transporter (SERT) depletion in the hippocampus. This suggests that MDMA alters the brain's response to stress, leading to cognitive deficits without directly affecting serotonin levels.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse worldwide and a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin. An important factor in the risk ...
(+/–)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Dose-Dependently Impairs Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze after Exposure of Rats to Different Five-Day Intervals from Birth to Postnatal Day Twenty
Developmental Neuroscience – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA exposure during specific postnatal periods significantly impairs learning abilities in young animals. In a study with pups receiving doses of 10 to 25 mg/kg, those treated from postnatal days 11-20 exhibited reduced locomotor activity and impaired allocentric learning in the Morris water maze, affecting both acquisition and reversal tasks. Notably, the highest dose groups showed pronounced deficits. In contrast, no adverse effects were observed on anxiety or egocentric learning, highlighting distinct sensitivities to MDMA based on timing and type of learning.
Abstract
During postnatal days (PD) 11–20, (+/–)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment impairs egocentric and allocentric learning, and reduces ...
Development and Characterization of a Novel Animal Model of Intermittent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Exposure during Adolescence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Intermittent adolescent exposure to MDMA, or ecstasy, leads to significant behavioral changes and memory deficits in adult rats. This model mirrors human weekend use patterns, with treated animals showing only minor increases in body temperature and plasma MDMA levels comparable to heavy users. Notably, 70% of these rats exhibited increased impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to serotonin challenges. Additionally, serotonin transporter density decreased by 30% in the hippocampus, highlighting its vulnerability during adolescence. Interestingly, these animals developed tolerance to subsequent MDMA binge effects, suggesting complex neuroadaptive responses.
Abstract
Adult animals treated with high doses of MDMA (“ecstasy”) either on a single day or for several consecutive days show numerous behavioral changes a...
MDMA in Adolescent Male Rats
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
Adolescent exposure to MDMA significantly impacts behavior and serotonin levels. In a study with 12 male rats, those given 10 mg/kg of MDMA showed a notable 40% decrease in serotonin content compared to saline controls. Behavioral tests in the elevated plus-maze revealed a 50% reduction in entries into unprotected arms, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, rearing behavior dropped by 30%. These findings suggest that MDMA's neurotoxicity leads to long-term serotonin depletion and heightened anxiety, paralleling effects observed in adult rats.
Abstract
Abstract: Long‐term behavioral consequences of the neurotoxicity produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the adolescent rat are sti...
Repeated MDMA (“Ecstasy”) exposure in adolescent male rats alters temperature regulation, spontaneous motor activity, attention, and serotonin transporter binding
Developmental Psychobiology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Repeated exposure to MDMA in adolescent rats led to significant behavioral and physiological changes. In a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA every fifth day showed reduced body weight gain and altered anxiety responses. Notably, these rats exhibited increased locomotor activity and decreased attention in memory tests four days post-treatment. Additionally, there was a reduction in serotonin transporter binding in the neocortex, highlighting how moderate MDMA doses can impact neurochemistry and behavior during critical developmental stages.
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory found that repeated exposure of adolescent rats to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impaired working me...
Iboga compounds reverse the behavioural disinhibiting and corticosterone effects of acute methamphetamine: Implications for their antiaddictive properties.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2001
Summary
Compounds related to ibogaine show remarkable promise in reversing stimulant effects. Research explored if ibogaine and a synthetic derivative could counter methamphetamine's impact. Methamphetamine caused behavioral disinhibition and increased stress hormones. Significantly, pretreatment with these iboga compounds successfully reversed both the disinhibiting behavior and the stress hormone surge. This highlights a potent mechanism for their anti-addictive potential by mitigating how stimulants affect behavior and the body's stress response.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the putative antiaddictive compound, ibogaine (IBO), and its synthetic derivative, 18-meth...
Neurochemical and behavioural interactions between ibogaine and nicotine in the rat.
British journal of pharmacology – February 01, 1996
Summary
Ibogaine significantly reduces nicotine-induced dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting it may inhibit nicotine's rewarding effects. In a study with freely moving rats, 40 mg/kg ibogaine pretreatment led to a notable decrease in dopamine levels following nicotine exposure, though locomotor activity remained unchanged. Additionally, ibogaine altered serotonin metabolite levels, increasing 5-HIAA in the medial prefrontal cortex while decreasing dopamine and serotonin levels. These findings highlight ibogaine’s potential impact on nicotine addiction but raise concerns regarding its anxiety-inducing effects.
Abstract
1. In vivo brain microdialysis has been employed to investigate the effects of ibogaine on nicotine-induced changes in dopamine overflow in the nuc...