33 results for "exploratory factor analysis"
Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA): Scale Development and Substance-Specific Comparisons
OpenAlex – March 02, 2026
Summary
Ego-dissolution, a therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, was effectively captured using the Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA) with 207 participants. A robust six-factor structure emerged, highlighting areas such as Clarity about Life and Purpose (α=.78) and Pleasure (α=.78). Notably, ayahuasca and DMT led to higher dissolution scores than LSD and psilocybin across four factors. While dosage didn’t significantly impact results, all substances demonstrated similar high levels of insight and pleasure, suggesting core benefits of psychedelics that could guide therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Rationale: Ego-dissolution represents a key therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, yet current measurement approaches may inadequat...
Effects of psilocybin on personality, psychiatric symptoms, and values: Exploring mediating effects of the acute psychedelic experience
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 26, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly shifts personal values, a key area in psychology. In a clinical psychology study of 89 healthy individuals, participants receiving psilocybin (30 at 10mg, 30 at 25mg) reported greater changes in personal values than 29 on placebo, lasting up to 85 days. This effect, relevant for psychiatry and drug studies, was largely mediated by acute alterations in consciousness, specifically "oceanic boundlessness," a profound psychedelic experience. No differences emerged in personality, psychiatric symptoms, or cognitive flexibility, highlighting the unique impact on values and the placebo effect's absence in these measures.
Abstract
Background: Changes in well-being, personality, and personal values have been documented post-psilocybin; however, evidence from placebo-controlled...
The 3D-ASCr scale: A revalidation of the core dimensions of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale 5D(11)-ASC for psychedelic research.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – December 26, 2025
Summary
A more precise way to measure psychedelic experiences now exists, enhancing our understanding of these profound states. Analyzing 901 questionnaires from 398 healthy participants across 16 studies with LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT, a superior three-dimensional model emerged. Ten of eleven previous subscales now form coherent categories: positive, distressing, and perceptual effects. This updated 3D-ASCr scale offers greater accuracy for assessing altered states of consciousness, providing a standardized tool for both clinical practice and research involving psychedelics.
Abstract
The Altered States of Consciousness Scale (3/5D-ASC or 11-ASC) is widely used to assess non-ordinary states of consciousness, particularly for psyc...
Efficacy of intranasal esketamine versus rTMS for treatment-resistant depression: analysis of individual participant data from two clinical trials.
EClinicalMedicine – December 01, 2025
Summary
For treatment-resistant depressive disorder, specialized therapies offer significant hope. New comparative effectiveness research, combining data from past clinical trials, aimed to assess Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intranasal Esketamine against standard antidepressant medication. Both rTMS and Esketamine dramatically reduced depressive symptoms, outperforming new medications. While rTMS showed a trend towards greater improvement, both treatments proved highly beneficial for those struggling with severe, treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intranasal esketamine are effective treatment options for treatment-resistant depression (T...
Ibogaine Experience Scale (IES).
Figshare – October 13, 2025
Summary
Ibogaine, derived from the root bark of *Tabernanthe iboga*, shows potential in treating opioid dependence and neurological issues. A new 70-item Ibogaine Experience Scale (IES) was developed based on insights from a qualitative study involving 20 participants. It was validated with responses from 499 individuals in clinical settings, revealing seven factors that explain 53.9% of variance and demonstrating excellent internal consistency (α = .948). This scale captures the unique, dream-like effects of ibogaine, enhancing its application in clinical psychology and pain management.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indole alkaloid derived from the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga, has long been used in traditional Bwiti healing rituals and shows pro...
The Ibogaine Experience Scale (IES): Development and psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of ibogaine’s subjective effects
PLoS ONE – October 13, 2025
Summary
The Ibogaine Experience Scale (IES) emerged from a study involving 499 participants, revealing seven distinct factors that encompass ibogaine's unique subjective effects. These factors explain 53.9% of the variance and show excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha at .948. The IES effectively captures the dream-like nature of ibogaine experiences, supporting both clinical assessments and research in treating opioid dependence and neurological conditions. Future investigations will validate this scale across diverse populations and examine its relationship with treatment outcomes for anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indole alkaloid derived from the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga, has long been used in traditional Bwiti healing rituals and shows pro...
Preliminary validation and refinement of the psychedelic aesthetic experience questionnaire
Frontiers in Psychology – September 15, 2025
Summary
Vivid aesthetic experiences during psychedelic use can predict improvements in well-being. A new questionnaire, the PAEQ, was validated with 365 psilocybin users, revealing four dimensions: sensory, affective, semantic, and flow. The PAEQ demonstrated high reliability (α=0.90) and strong correlations with existing measures (e.g., r=0.69). This tool advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies by quantifying Aesthetic Perception and Analysis, linking profound experiences to better sleep, reduced anxiety, and improved quality of life.
Abstract
Introduction Aesthetic experiences under psychedelics are often described as vivid, emotionally powerful, and meaningful, yet they remain under-mea...
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraoperative Ketamine for Acute Postsurgical Pain after Breast Cancer Surgery: The Moderating Effect of Baseline Temporal Summation of Pain.
Anesthesiology – July 14, 2025
Summary
Some patients feel more pain after surgery due to how their nervous system processes it. A trial explored if intraoperative ketamine could help. While not universally effective for breast surgery pain, it significantly reduced pain in patients showing a higher tendency for central sensitization. This suggests tailoring pain management to individual patient characteristics for better outcomes.
Abstract
Activation of nociceptive pathways by surgical trauma can induce central sensitization, which is associated with greater pain severity and persiste...
OAV and 5D-ASC for Brazilian Portuguese: A validation and adaptation study.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – June 28, 2025
Summary
Understanding the profound subjective experiences induced by Psychedelics is crucial. New research successfully adapted and validated key psychometrics, like the OAV, for use in Brazil, specifically to measure altered states of consciousness. Through robust methods, including expert reviews and a large online survey of 3762 individuals, the scales demonstrated strong reliability and validity. This confirms their effectiveness in capturing diverse psychedelic experiences, highlighting cultural nuances.
Abstract
This study aimed to validate and culturally adapt the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV) and Five Dimensional-Altered States of Con...
Development and Initial Validation of the State Four Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.
Assessment – March 31, 2025
Summary
The newly developed State Four Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (state-4FMQ) effectively measures mindfulness, demonstrating strong psychometric properties. In two studies involving 350 undergraduates, the state-4FMQ revealed a four-factor structure closely mirroring the established Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, minus Nonreactivity. Internal consistency was high, and the questionnaire displayed convergent, predictive, and construct validity. Notably, certain facets significantly predicted momentary well-being, highlighting the state-4FMQ's utility in assessing mindfulness across diverse contexts. This tool enhances understanding of mindfulness experiences during meditation.
Abstract
The current research aimed to provide initial psychometric validation of a new multifaceted mindfulness questionnaire (referred to as the State Fou...
The Hallucinogen Rating Scale: Updated Factor Structure in a Large, Multistudy Sample.
Biological psychiatry global open science – March 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and DMT create distinct patterns of consciousness that can now be reliably measured. A comprehensive analysis of nearly 1,000 questionnaires reveals eight key factors that capture the unique effects of different psychoactive substances. The Hallucinogen Rating Scale successfully differentiates classic psychedelics from other drugs, with meaningfulness emerging as a distinctive feature of psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
The Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) has been widely used to measure the subjective effects of psychedelics and other psychoactive substances. Its a...
Psychological Support Approaches in Psychedelic Therapy: Results From a Survey of Psychedelic Practitioners.
The Journal of clinical psychiatry – February 05, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic therapy practitioners show surprising diversity in their treatment approaches, with some focusing on emotional-spiritual support while others emphasize biological effects. A survey of 40 experienced practitioners, who collectively guided over 1,600 psychedelic sessions, revealed that trust-building, spirituality, emotional environment, and handling challenging experiences were key factors. Those trained at specialized institutes like MAPS favored more emotion-centered approaches to supporting patients through psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
Objective: To assess the viewpoints of psychedelic practitioners in research settings on approaches to psychological support for psychedelic treatm...
Psychological Mediators of Reduced Distress: Preregistered Analyses from a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Smartphone-Based Well-Being Training.
Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science – January 01, 2025
Summary
Engaging in a four-week smartphone-based meditation program significantly reduced psychological distress among 662 adults, with 79.9% experiencing clinical anxiety or depression. Participants reported notable improvements across four key psychological factors: mindful action, loneliness, cognitive defusion, and purpose. These mediators accounted for 21.9% to 62.5% of the intervention's impact on distress at three-month follow-up. Notably, decreased loneliness alone explained 61.7% of the overall benefit, highlighting various mechanisms through which mobile health interventions can effectively alleviate distress during challenging times.
Abstract
Understanding why interventions work is essential to optimizing them. Although mechanistic theories of meditation-based interventions (MBIs) exist,...
Strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences: insights from a mixed-methods study.
Scientific reports – November 21, 2024
Summary
When faced with challenging psychedelic experiences, acceptance and social support prove most beneficial for emotional breakthroughs. Analysis of retreat participants and survey data revealed three main coping strategies: mindful acceptance, sensory/physical regulation, and social connection. Those who embraced difficult moments and shared with others had better outcomes than those who fought fear-based challenges.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances are garnering renewed interest for their potential therapeutic applications, yet the mechanisms by which challenging experie...
Presence of cholestasis and its impact on survival in SARS-CoV-2 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Scientific reports – October 08, 2024
Summary
Liver complications affect over half of critically ill COVID-19 patients in intensive care. A groundbreaking analysis reveals that cholestasis, a type of liver injury marked by bile flow problems, strongly impacts survival rates. Patients receiving ketamine or advanced breathing support in the ICU were more likely to develop this condition. The findings show that monitoring liver function is crucial for improving outcomes in severe COVID-19 cases.
Abstract
Data on cholestasis and biliary injury in patients with COVID-19 are scarce. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of choles...
Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
BMJ – May 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, significantly improves depression symptoms, a comprehensive meta-analysis concludes. This systematic review, drawing from extensive digital databases including MEDLINE, synthesized data from 436 participants (228 female) across seven studies. It found a substantial benefit (Hedges’ g=0.66) on depression scores. Greater improvements (g=0.88) were observed for secondary depression and among individuals with prior psychedelic use. This psychiatry and medicine research highlights psilocybin's potential in drug studies, contributing to complementary medicine's understanding of this unique alkaloid.
Abstract
Abstract Objective To determine the efficacy of psilocybin as an antidepressant compared with placebo or non-psychoactive drugs. Design Systematic ...
Unique Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Psilocybin Therapy Versus Escitalopram Treatment in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction – March 07, 2024
Summary
A compelling finding in clinical psychology reveals that Psilocybin Therapy's unique antidepressant effects for Major depressive disorder are strongly linked to acute psychological experiences. In a phase 2 trial over a 6-week period, compared to Escitalopram, profound "mystical experience" and "ego dissolution" uniquely mediate Psilocybin's positive impact. This work, part of ongoing Psychedelics and Drug Studies in psychiatry, suggests that these intense subjective states, perhaps guided by a psychotherapist, are crucial. Higher reported levels of such experiences correlate with greater improvement, offering insights into novel antidepressant approaches.
Abstract
Abstract The mechanisms by which Psilocybin Therapy (PT) improves depression remain an important object of study, with scientists actively explorin...
Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring 'psychedelic preparedness'.
Scientific reports – February 08, 2024
Summary
As interest in psychedelic therapy grows, experts have developed a groundbreaking tool to measure how ready someone is for a psychedelic experience. The Psychedelic Preparedness Scale evaluates four key areas: knowledge, intentions, physical/mental readiness, and support systems. Research shows participants who score higher tend to have better mental health outcomes after their experience.
Abstract
Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe and, potentially beneficial. However, there i...
Experiential Learning with Ketamine: A Mixed-Methods Exploratory Study on Prescription and Perception.
Therapeutics and clinical risk management – January 01, 2024
Summary
Healthcare providers significantly increased ketamine use in critical care during COVID-19, yet many remained uncomfortable with the medication despite hands-on experience. A major hospital study revealed that ketamine use for analgosedation jumped from 2% to 32% of ventilated patients during the pandemic. Despite this surge in practical experience, doctors still cited knowledge gaps and desired more continuing education and protocols to guide its use in critical care.
Abstract
Incorporating unfamiliar therapies into practice requires effective longitudinal learning and the optimal way to achieve this is debated. Though no...
Perceptions of psychedelic personality change, determinants of use, setting and drug moderation: Toward a holistic model
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 08, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics can profoundly reshape personality, with a thematic analysis of 426 individuals revealing 52 unique perceived changes. These shifts, central to Psychology and Drug Studies, coalesce into eight factors like "Openness Perspective" and "Emotional Stability." Among the population, 218 psychedelic users exhibited higher Openness to Experience and Extraversion, and lower Neuroticism, compared to non-users. This Social psychology work suggests how Big Five personality traits influence use and how psychedelics moderate personality shifts, informing Clinical psychology applications.
Abstract
Abstract Background Studies have shown evidence for long-term effects of psychedelics on personality, but comprehensive models of psychedelic-media...
The revival of the psychedelic experience scale: Revealing its extended-mystical, visual, and distressing experiential spectrum with LSD and psilocybin studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 31, 2023
Summary
A new psychometric tool significantly advances understanding of psychedelic experiences. Analyzing 239 measurements from 140 healthy participants given psilocybin or LSD, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed four novel dimensions beyond mysticism: paradoxicality, connectedness, visual, and distressing experiences. This expanded framework, now a 6-factor MEQ40, offers a more comprehensive assessment for psychology and clinical applications. It enhances psychometrics in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, moving beyond initial focus on mystical states to cover the full spectrum of altered consciousness, aiding future Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
Background: Research with the Psychedelic Experience Questionnaire/Scale (PES) focuses on questions relating to mystical experience (Mystical Exper...
Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics
Scientific Reports – September 25, 2023
Summary
A compelling finding reveals 33% of individuals developed new psychiatric diagnoses after psychedelic use, with 93% experiencing worsening anxiety. This qualitative research in Clinical Psychology, focusing on negative psychological responses lasting over 72 hours, utilized thematic analysis of 15 in-depth interviews. Salient factors identified included unsafe environments, prior psychological vulnerabilities, and high drug quantities. This work, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights how chemical synthesis and alkaloids can profoundly influence behavior, urging a nuanced Social Psychology perspective on risk, even as potential benefits are explored within Psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Recent controversies have arisen regarding claims of uncritical positive regard and hype surrounding psychedelic drugs and their therapeut...
Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring ‘psychedelic preparedness’
OpenAlex – April 28, 2023
Summary
Better psychedelic preparedness predicts improved mental health outcomes. A new 20-item Psychedelic Preparedness Scale (PPS), developed using a Delphi method with experts in clinical psychology and users, measures this crucial factor. Psychometrics, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, validated the scale in two samples of 516 and 716 users. It showed excellent reliability (ω = 0.954) and strong convergent and discriminant validity. Administered before a psilocybin retreat (N=46), the PPS demonstrated its utility in Applied Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, indicating how readiness impacts subsequent mental health and wellbeing.
Abstract
Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe, and potentially, beneficial. However, there ...
Focusing on the negative: cases of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics
OpenAlex – April 12, 2023
Summary
Negative psychological responses to psychedelics are a genuine concern. A Psychology investigation into adverse outcomes lasting over 72 hours gathered data from 32 individuals, revealing 37.5% developed a new psychiatric diagnosis post-use, and 87% experienced worsened anxiety. Further Social psychology interviews with 15 individuals, analyzed via Thematic analysis, showed 33% received new diagnoses, with 93% reporting anxiety symptoms. Factors like unsafe environments, prior vulnerabilities, and high doses contribute to these Clinical psychology challenges in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Background: Recent controversies have arisen regarding claims of uncritical positive regard and hype surrounding psychedelic drugs and their therap...
Predicting the Intensity of Psychedelic-Induced Mystical and Challenging Experience in a Healthy Population: An Exploratory Post-Hoc Analysis.
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment – January 01, 2023
Summary
Higher doses of psilocybin in psychedelic therapy can lead to more intense mystical experiences, but age plays a surprising role in how people handle challenging moments. New findings reveal that while dosage strongly influences both mystical and challenging experiences, older participants typically reported less difficult episodes. Interestingly, personality traits showed minimal impact, except that more neurotic individuals faced tougher experiences at higher doses.
Abstract
In psychedelic therapy, mystical as well as challenging experience may influence therapeutic outcome. However, predictors of such experience have n...
The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world
Psychopharmacology – August 08, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic experiences significantly boost feelings of connectedness, a vital psychological construct. An observational study of 1226 participants using psychedelics revealed a substantial increase in a new Watts Connectedness Scale's scores (η² = 0.339), which demonstrated strong construct validity. This scale measures connection to self, others, and the wider world. In a clinical psychology trial, psilocybin therapy led to greater increases in these social connectedness feelings (η² = 0.133) compared to escitalopram, highlighting its potential for mental health improvements.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale A general feeling of disconnection has been associated with mental and emotional suffering. Improvements to a sense of connected...
From Ego to Death: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Scale (EDS)
OpenAlex – July 27, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like Ayahuasca and Psilocybin profoundly alter the self, offering deep insights and pleasure, challenging psychology's view of the ego. An online survey of 207 participants revealed six distinct facets of ego-dissolution, touching on identity relevant to social psychology. Ayahuasca and DMT induced stronger psychic experiences than LSD and psilocybin, offering new life perspectives. This work, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies encompassing areas like Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, contributes to understanding the Id, ego, and super-ego.
Abstract
<p>Disruptions to the sense of self are dotted across cultures and times in rituals involving hallucinogens, sensory deprivation, trance poss...
The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences
Frontiers in Psychology – May 23, 2022
Summary
Understanding the post-experience journey with psychedelics is now clearer. New psychometric scales, developed in Psychology for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, precisely measure "integration"—both behavioral engagement and internal experiences following drug administration. Rigorous psychometrics, including expert input and methods like content validity, face validity, construct validity, convergent validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, confirm their reliability. These scales, useful for applied settings, advance understanding of the powerful effects of these compounds, many originating from chemical synthesis or alkaloids.
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development and initial validation of two psychometric scales for measuring psychedelic integration. Psychedelic int...
Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression
Frontiers in Pharmacology – March 31, 2022
Summary
A strong bond with a psychotherapist significantly enhances psilocybin's impact on depression. In a randomized controlled trial (N=59) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy with the antidepressant escitalopram, a robust therapeutic alliance predicted greater emotional breakthroughs (β = -0.22, R² = 0.42) and mystical experiences in the psilocybin group (n=30). Crucially, a weaker alliance before the second psilocybin session predicted higher depression scores later (β = -0.49). This underscores the vital role of clinical psychology in optimizing psychedelic medicine within psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Across psychotherapeutic frameworks, the strength of the therapeutic alliance has been found to correlate with treatment outcomes; howe...
Phenomenological assessment of psychedelics induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)
PLoS ONE – March 16, 2022
Summary
A 26-item *rating scale* for challenging *psilocybin* experiences, for *psychedelics and drug studies*, showed robust *psychometrics*. *Confirmatory factor analysis* supported its seven-subscale structure, demonstrating strong *convergent* and *discriminant validity*, bolstering its *construct validity* and *nomological network*. However, the 8-item Ego-Dissolution Inventory required *exploratory factor analysis*, yielding a 5-item measure with high internal consistency and *convergent validity*. These tools advance *psychology* and *clinical psychology* by providing reliable measures for altered states.
Abstract
Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances or other mind-altering drugs as well as non-...
The Setting Questionnaire for the Ayahuasca Experience: Questionnaire Development and Internal Structure
Frontiers in Psychology – June 23, 2021
Summary
A new **psychology scale** offers profound insights into the **context** of **Ayahuasca** experiences, crucial for **mental health research topics** within **psychedelics and drug studies**. Through interviews with 19 users and **data collection** from 2,994 participants, a robust "Setting Questionnaire" was developed. **Structural equation modeling** confirmed its validity, showing excellent fit (CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.059). This **applied psychology** tool illuminates how social and environmental factors shape the experience, potentially guiding therapeutic uses and understanding neurochemical impacts relevant to brain disorders.
Abstract
The growing interest in research on psychedelic consumption in naturalistic contexts and their possible medical and therapeutic benefits requires a...
Phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)
OpenAlex – April 02, 2021
Summary
A 26-item German scale reliably measures diverse challenging experiences induced by psychedelics, advancing clinical psychology. Its 7-factor structure was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, showing strong construct validity and convergent validity with anxiety measures within a nomological network. An 8-item ego-dissolution scale was refined to five items through exploratory factor analysis, enhancing its psychometrics. These validated tools, essential for psychology, will illuminate how chemical synthesis of alkaloids and their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior manifest as subjective states, bolstering drug studies.
Abstract
Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances and other mind-altering drugs or non-pharmac...
Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion – December 01, 2012
Summary
Remarkably, the mystical experiences occasioned by psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, can be precisely measured. A psychology investigation involving 1,602 participants who ingested psilocybin utilized exploratory factor analysis to validate a 30-item Mystical Experience Questionnaire. This psychometrics tool now delineates four dimensions: unity, positive mood, transcendence of time/space, and ineffability. A second sample of 440 confirmed this structure. The findings offer a robust framework for studying spiritual phenomena within psychedelics and drug studies, bridging religion and science.
Abstract
A large body of historical evidence describes the use of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psilocybin mushrooms, for religious purposes. But few sc...