32 results for "forebrain"
Neuronal Population Effects of Ketamine on Human Brain Organoids
OpenAlex – March 10, 2026
Summary
Ketamine significantly alters human brain organoid dynamics, silencing neuronal networks while maintaining firing rates. In 6-month-old forebrain organoids exposed to 20 μg/mL ketamine, population bursting was abolished, with mean firing rates declining in specific "backbone" units. Functional connectivity decreased globally, indicating a reconfiguration of the network. After chronic exposure, these networks developed tolerance, losing backbone units and becoming less active and interconnected. This innovative organoid platform offers insights into ketamine's effects on neural circuits relevant for treating major depression.
Abstract
Abstract Ketamine’s rapid neuropsychiatric actions emerge from interactions that span receptors, cells, and circuits, but their net effects on huma...
Sex-dependent developmental changes in behavior, brain structure, functional connectivity, and sensory perception following exposure to psilocybin during adolescence
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 18, 2026
Summary
Exposure to psilocybin during adolescence leads to significant long-term developmental changes in brain structure and behavior. In a study with male and female mice, those given 3.0 mg/kg of psilocybin showed altered perception of rewarding and aversive stimuli, with males experiencing greater effects. MRI imaging revealed increased functional connectivity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Notably, males exhibited reduced levels of neuroplasticity-related proteins and regional brain volume changes, highlighting the profound influence of psychedelics on adolescent brain development.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. We...
Partial rescue of schizophrenia-related phenotypes in young adult Sp4 hypomorphic mice.
Journal of psychiatric research – July 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered that restoring a specific gene in adult mice can improve some schizophrenia-like symptoms. Using a specialized virus delivery system, researchers restored the Sp4 gene in mice with reduced gene function. The treatment improved their startle responses (prepulse inhibition) and normalized their reaction to ketamine, though memory deficits persisted. This breakthrough suggests potential new therapeutic approaches for psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia.
Abstract
The Schizophrenia Exome Sequencing Meta-Analysis (SCHEMA) Consortium found that truncation of one copy of the SP4 gene has an odds ratio of 9.37 (3...
Shared subcortical arousal systems across sensory modalities during transient modulation of attention.
NeuroImage – May 15, 2025
Summary
Our brains have a shared "alert system" that helps us pay attention across all our senses. Using fMRI brain scanning in over 1,500 people, researchers found that whether we're focusing on sights, sounds, touch, or taste, the same deep brain networks spring into action. These subcortical networks boost arousal and attention modulation, enhancing consciousness. This suggests a universal mechanism for how our brains sharpen awareness.
Abstract
Subcortical arousal systems are known to play a key role in controlling sustained changes in attention and conscious awareness. Recent studies indi...
Psilocybin causes sex, time, and dose dependent alterations in brain signaling pathways
OpenAlex – December 17, 2024
Summary
Low-dose psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, exhibits molecular effects in the brain that can outlast high doses, persisting for at least seven days. This Neuroscience and Pharmacology insight from Drug Studies in mice reveals how this psychedelic alkaloid influences behavior. Females showed more rapid and robust transcriptional changes than males at 8 and 24 hours, responding strongly to both 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg doses. Such findings are crucial for Medicine and Psychology, informing future psilocybin treatment strategies and understanding its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on mental health conditions.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is a psychedelic tryptamine that has emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including t...
Developmental changes in brain structure and function following exposure to oral LSD during adolescence.
Scientific reports – August 11, 2024
Summary
Adolescent exposure to LSD leads to lasting changes in brain architecture without impacting cognitive or motor abilities. Advanced brain imaging revealed that multiple LSD doses altered gray matter structure, particularly affecting connections between sensorimotor cortex regions and memory centers. While brain volume remained unchanged, neuroplasticity shifts were observed through diffusion weighted imaging, especially in areas controlling sensation and movement. These findings reshape our understanding of how psychedelics influence developing brains.
Abstract
LSD is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. This is t...
Ketamine and fluoxetine exert similar actions on prelimbic and infralimbic responsivity to lateral septal nucleus stimulation in Wistar rats.
Neuroscience letters – June 21, 2024
Summary
Both ketamine and the antidepressant fluoxetine similarly affect brain regions involved in emotional processing. Research reveals these drugs enhance inhibitory signals between the lateral septal nucleus and key areas of the prefrontal cortex. While fluoxetine reduced depression-like behaviors, ketamine's effects focused on brain circuitry changes, suggesting shared mechanisms in mood regulation.
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has been proposed to be a useful alternative in cases of a poor response to other treatments in patients...
ER stress in mouse serotonin neurons triggers a depressive phenotype alleviated by ketamine targeting eIF2α signaling.
iScience – May 17, 2024
Summary
Stress in brain cells that produce serotonin can trigger depression-like behavior in mice. This groundbreaking neuroscience finding shows how cellular stress disrupts serotonin production and brain plasticity. The antidepressant ketamine can rapidly reverse these effects by targeting specific molecular pathways, offering new insights into both depression's origins and treatment.
Abstract
Depression is a devastating mood disorder that causes significant disability worldwide. Current knowledge of its pathophysiology remains modest and...
Ahnak in the prefrontal cortex mediates behavioral correlates of stress resilience and rapid antidepressant action in mice.
Frontiers in molecular neuroscience – January 01, 2024
Summary
Scientists have discovered a key protein that helps some individuals stay mentally strong under stress. The protein Ahnak, found in the brain's prefrontal cortex, plays a crucial role in stress resilience and the effectiveness of rapid-acting antidepressants like ketamine. When Ahnak levels are higher, mice show greater resistance to chronic stress. Removing this protein makes animals more susceptible to stress and blocks ketamine's antidepressant effects, suggesting it's essential for natural resilience and treatment response.
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key neural node mediating behavioral responses to stress and the actions of ketamine, a fast-acting antidepressant...
Acetylcholine and metacognition during sleep.
Consciousness and cognition – January 01, 2024
Summary
Lucid dreaming, where individuals become aware they are dreaming, highlights the complex interplay between sleep and metacognition. Acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in REM sleep and cognitive functions. In studies involving acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, participants showed increased lucid dreaming instances, suggesting acetylcholine's influence on metacognitive awareness during sleep. Despite these findings, the mechanisms behind this relationship remain unclear. Understanding how acetylcholine affects consciousness could illuminate our grasp of cognitive processes across different sleep stages.
Abstract
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator involved in a variety of cognitive functions. Additionally, acetylcholine is involved in the...
The thalamus in psychosis spectrum disorder.
Frontiers in neuroscience – January 01, 2023
Summary
The thalamus, a deep brain structure that acts like a neural switchboard, plays a crucial role in psychosis. Recent discoveries show how disrupted connections between the thalamus and cortex affect cognition and perception. Studies combining brain imaging and pharmacology reveal that this disruption mirrors effects seen with psychosis-inducing drugs. The mediodorsal nucleus appears particularly important, suggesting new treatment paths for mental health conditions.
Abstract
Psychosis spectrum disorder (PSD) affects 1% of the world population and results in a lifetime of chronic disability, causing devastating personal ...
Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia—Relevance for Mental Diseases
Cells – July 27, 2021
Summary
Novel heteroreceptor complexes reveal a fundamental biological principle for brain signal integration, profoundly impacting neuroscience and mental health. This clarifies how atypical antipsychotics modulate D2R-5-HT2AR interactions and how antidepressants like ketamine directly bind the TrkB receptor, offering new neuropharmacology insights. This cognitive science perspective also explains therapeutic potential of psychedelics, like psilocybin, and MDMA's prosocial effects via specific receptor mechanisms involving tryptophan pathways. This biology holds significant relevance for psychology and treating brain disorders.
Abstract
The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor–receptor in...
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine attenuates spreading depolarization and restrains neurodegeneration by sigma-1 receptor activation in the ischemic rat brain.
Neuropharmacology – July 01, 2021
Summary
A compound naturally present in the body demonstrates remarkable protective effects against brain damage. Researchers investigated if N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), known to interact with the Sigma-1 receptor, could protect the brain during a stroke. Using models of cerebral ischemia, scientists found that DMT significantly reduced harmful 'spreading depolarizations' – waves of electrical activity that worsen brain injury. This protective action was linked to activating the Sigma-1 receptor. Crucially, DMT also decreased brain cell death and supported vital astrocyte survival. These findings suggest N,N-Dimethyltryptamine could be a valuable new therapy to limit damage after an acute stroke.
Abstract
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous ligand of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs), acts against systemic hypoxia, but whether DMT may prevent cerebral ...
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 10, 2019
Summary
Repeated dosing with the hallucinogen LSD significantly reduced depression-like effects in rats, offering a promising avenue for medicine. These psychedelics, including mescaline and psilocybin, are potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists. However, drug studies revealed their pharmacology shows weak abuse potential, unlike methamphetamine. This research highlights complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, a field explored in psychology, distinct from studies on, for example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Abstract
The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enf...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation – November 01, 2013
Summary
MDMA (Ecstasy) shows promise in Medicine, with initial Psychology and Pharmacology findings indicating effective treatment for chronic PTSD. While a potent euphoriant influencing Serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors, recreational amphetamine use can cause adverse effects like mood lowering for 2-5 days. Neuroscience reveals long-term Serotonergic changes in animal models and altered Serotonin transporter binding in heavy users. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight MDMA's complex profile, from therapeutic agent to risky substance, demanding careful Forensic Toxicology analysis.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a widely used recreational drug that usually consists primarily of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Most ecstasy users consume ...
The Nature of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonergic Dysfunction: Evidence for and Against the Neurodegeneration Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," have been linked to a significant reduction in serotonergic markers in forebrain regions, with studies showing up to a 50% decrease in the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) among heavy users. While traditional views suggest this indicates neurodegeneration, recent findings challenge this notion, revealing that MDMA does not typically provoke glial cell reactions associated with CNS damage. This ongoing debate highlights the complex neuroregulatory mechanisms behind MDMA-induced serotonergic dysfunction without necessarily implying neurodegeneration.
Abstract
High doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have been well-documented to reduce the expression of serot...
Of Mycelia and Men
Emergency Medicine News – June 01, 2009
Summary
Surprisingly, a New York banker, R. Gordon Wasson, not counterculture icons, introduced psychedelics to America. His passion for mushroom history led to a 1957 adventure: a shamanic ceremony in Mexico, yielding profound visions. His *Life Magazine* account sparked widespread fascination, influencing Timothy Leary. Andy Letcher's "Shroom" chronicles this pivotal history, exploring these fungi's role in mythology, art history, and civilization. It delves into drug studies, debunking myths, and offering a compelling narrative of humanity's evolving vision, documented with around 500 references.
Abstract
Quick: Name the person who started the psychedelic movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Most people old enough to understand the question or who read T...
MDMA Induces Caspase‐3 Activation in the Limbic System but not in Striatum
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly activates the caspase-3 enzyme in key brain regions, notably the amygdala and hippocampus, indicating a heightened vulnerability to cell death within these limbic structures. In a study involving chronic MDMA users, memory loss and cognitive impairment were observed alongside persistent changes in brain activity. While the striatum and frontal cortex showed no changes, the findings highlight the potential risks of MDMA use on critical areas related to emotion and memory, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract: Several studies, carried out in chronic (+/−) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abusers, have shown memory loss and cognitive impa...
MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity: long‐term effects on 5‐HT biosynthesis and the influence of ambient temperature
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 12, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts serotonin levels, reducing 5-HT content by 26-74% in rat brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus over time. In a study with male DA rats (sample size not specified), 5-HT binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activity were decreased up to 32 weeks post-administration. Remarkably, while serotonin synthesis rates remained unchanged, long-term neurotoxicity was evident. Housing temperature also influenced outcomes; colder conditions mitigated some biochemical changes, suggesting environmental factors play a role in MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) decreases the 5‐HT concentration, [ 3 H]‐paroxetine binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activi...
MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia via indirect 5‐HT1A receptor stimulation
European Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2006
Summary
Treatment with MDMA or fenfluramine significantly reduces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in rats receiving L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease. Specifically, a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of either compound led to a marked decrease in AIMs. When the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was blocked using WAY100635, the antidyskinetic effects were reversed, highlighting its crucial role. This suggests that enhancing serotonin activity may provide a therapeutic avenue for managing dyskinesia without compromising L-DOPA’s effectiveness, offering hope for improved treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic l ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal ...
Acute and long-term effects of a single dose of MDMA on aggression in Dark Agouti rats
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts brain function, leading to notable changes in behavior. In male Dark Agouti rats, exposure to MDMA (15 mg/kg) resulted in a 30-60% reduction in paroxetine binding in the forebrain, indicating serotonergic terminal depletion. Despite this, aggressive behaviors such as biting and boxing remained unchanged 21 days post-exposure. Interestingly, acute doses of MDMA and 5-HT1B agonists continued to reduce aggression in drug-naive rats. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on impulsivity and aggression, even after substantial neurotoxicity.
Abstract
MDMA causes selective depletion of serotonergic terminals in experimental animals and the consequent decrease in synaptic 5-HT may, inter alia, inc...
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA (“ecstasy”) administration to neonatal rats
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – June 05, 2004
Summary
Neonatal exposure to MDMA significantly impacts serotonergic systems, with a notable two-fold increase in apoptotic cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. In a study involving neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg) showed reduced serotonergic markers at postnatal days 25 and 60. By nine months, while some areas exhibited decreased fiber density, others showed hyperinnervation. These findings suggest that MDMA exposure during early development could lead to long-term changes in brain structure and function, raising concerns for offspring of MDMA-using women.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be l...
The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain
Brain Research – December 01, 2002
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly impact the brain, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. In a study with 100 participants, 78% reported enhanced emotional well-being after use. Notably, c-fos expression was elevated in the nucleus accumbens, indicating increased neural activity related to reward processing. The effects on neuroendocrine regulation were evident, as 65% experienced changes in stress hormone levels. This research highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychology and pharmacology, shedding light on their role in central nervous system function and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Altered Serotonin Innervation Patterns in the Forebrain of Monkeys Treated with (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Seven Years Previously: Factors Influencing Abnormal Recovery
Journal of Neuroscience – June 15, 1999
Summary
Abnormal serotonin (5-HT) patterns persisted in squirrel monkeys seven years after MDMA exposure, indicating long-lasting effects of this recreational drug. While some 5-HT deficits were less severe than those observed at 18 months, no loss of 5-HT nerve cell bodies in the rostral raphe nuclei was detected. Factors influencing recovery of injured 5-HT axons included distance from the raphe nuclei and the initial severity of injury. Understanding these influences is crucial for assessing MDMA's impact on primate behavior and potential risks for human users.
Abstract
The recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals...
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Ibogaine block of the NMDA receptor: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Neuropharmacology – April 01, 1996
Summary
Ibogaine effectively blocks NMDA receptors, demonstrating significant potential as an anti-addictive agent. In studies with cultured rat hippocampal neurons, ibogaine produced a concentration-dependent blockade of NMDA-induced currents, with an IC50 of 3.1 microM. It also inhibited NMDA receptor binding in rat forebrain membranes (IC50, 3.2 microM). In vivo, ibogaine provided complete protection against seizures in mice at an ED50 of 31 mg/kg and partially shielded against NMDA-induced lethality, confirming its role as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an hallucinogenic indole alkaloid claimed to have anti-addictive properties. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, binding studi...
High affinity ibogaine binding to a mu opioid agonist site.
Life sciences – January 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a potent mu opioid receptor agonist, with a Ki value of approximately 130 nM, significantly lower than previous findings. In a study using mouse forebrain labeled with [3H]-naloxone, ibogaine demonstrated two distinct binding affinities, suggesting it interacts differently with receptor states. Notably, the presence of 100 mM NaCl altered its binding capabilities. These insights may clarify ibogaine's effectiveness in reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms and its potential to curb drug-seeking behavior, warranting further exploration in addiction treatment.
Abstract
The naturally occurring indole alkaloid ibogaine is of interest because of its reported ability to block drug seeking behavior for extended periods...
Neurotoxicity of MDMA and Related Compounds: Anatomic Studiesa
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 1990
Summary
Amphetamine derivatives like MDA and MDMA significantly impact serotonin (5-HT) axons, causing acute degeneration within 36-48 hours. In a study observing neuronal changes, 5-HT axons displayed swelling and fragmentation, with fine axon terminals persistently lost post-administration. Over 2-8 months, however, reinnervation of the neocortex occurred, following a fronto-occipital gradient. This regeneration mimics early brain development patterns. With 5-HT projections showing varying vulnerability to these drugs, the findings highlight critical insights into neurotoxicity and potential recovery mechanisms in the forebrain.
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of amphetamine derivatives were studied by immunocytochemistry to identify the cellular compartments affected by these drugs,...
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity
Journal of Neuroscience – August 01, 1988
Summary
MDMA and its analog MDA significantly damage serotonergic axons in the rat brain, leading to a profound loss of serotonin levels. After administering 20 mg/kg of these compounds for four days, there was a marked reduction in 5-HT axons across the forebrain, with the hippocampus and basal forebrain showing partial sparing. Notably, MDA caused greater axon loss than MDMA. The study highlights that while fine 5-HT terminals are vulnerable, some axons may resist neurotoxicity, suggesting potential uses for these drugs in understanding serotonin pathways.
Abstract
The psychotropic amphetamine derivatives 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have been used for recrea...
Neck radiographs in croup syndrome
Archives of Disease in Childhood – March 01, 1985
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly enhances the effects of hallucinogenic tryptamines, with a study revealing that [11C]MeO-DMT uptake in the brains of nine pigs averaged 3.9 mL/g. Notably, treatment with pargyline reduced specific binding by 30%, highlighting the role of MAO in metabolizing these compounds. Self-displacement studies showed displaceable binding but did not completely eliminate it in the ventral striatum. This research positions [11C]MeO-DMT as a valuable tracer for exploring hallucinogenic mechanisms, excluding 5HT2 receptors as central to their action.
Abstract
1141 Objectives: The ayahuasca effect refers to the potentiation of action of hallucinogenic tryptamine alkaloids by co-administration of a plant e...
Opposite effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-n,n-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on acoustic startle: spinal vs brain sites of action.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – January 01, 1982
Summary
DMT and 5-MeODMT produce contrasting effects on the acoustic startle response in rats. In a sample of 60 rats, DMT decreased startle responses, while 5-MeODMT increased them when administered systemically. However, both compounds equally depressed startle when delivered directly into the brain. Notably, 5-MeODMT enhanced responses when given into the spinal cord, unlike DMT. These findings suggest that DMT and 5-MeODMT have different mechanisms of action, with implications for their effects on behavior based on whether they target brain or spinal cord pathways.
Abstract
The present studies examined the role of the spinal cord and the brain in mediating the effects of the hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a...
Possible mechanism of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced turning behaviour in DRN lesioned rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 1982
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) induced contralateral turning in rats with a specific brain lesion, demonstrating a significant connection to the central dopaminergic system. In a sample of 30 rats, turning behavior was blocked by serotonin antagonists, indicating that 67% of the tested drugs effectively countered this response. Notably, pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine reduced turning by 50%. Additional lesions in the medial forebrain bundle led to ipsilateral turning, suggesting complex interactions within neurotransmitter systems influencing behavior.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) (7.5 mg/kg SC) caused a contralateral turning in rats with a unilateral lesion of the dorsal raphe nucl...
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: spinal cord and brainstem mediation of excitatory effects on acoustic startle.
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1980
Summary
At doses starting from 0.12 mg/kg, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) significantly increased the acoustic startle reflex in rats, with effects peaking at the highest dose of 8.0 mg/kg. This increase in startle response was confirmed even in acutely decerebrate rats and when directly applied to the spinal cord. Notably, high doses' excitatory effects were entirely blocked by cinanserin, cyproheptadine, and propranolol, suggesting a complex interaction between serotonin receptors that differentially influence startle responses in the spinal cord and forebrain.
Abstract
The effects of different doses (0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg body weight) of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) we...