Neurological effects of ketamine: mechanisms, addiction potential, and toxicity profiles with focus on Saudi Arabia
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health July 17, 2025 Alanoud K. Albanna, Zayed M. Alnefaie, Atheer M. Saleh et al.
Ketamine is used in anesthesia and mental health treatment for its rapid action and dissociative properties. It preserves stable vital signs during sedation and analgesia. Its influence on NMDA receptors and neurochemical systems is linked to antidepressant effects, especially for treatment-resistant depression. However, recreational abuse causes structural brain degeneration in areas related to memory, emotion, and motor control. In controlled settings, ketamine shows potential for addiction treatment by decreasing cravings and increasing abstinence rates. Toxicity risks include hallucinations, heart problems, urinary difficulties, and liver damage, especially with large or unsupervised doses. Cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms occur with prolonged use. Strict clinical supervision is needed.