Effect of ketamine/esketamine on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunctions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia November 18, 2025 Qianqian Guo, Xiaoyong Wei, Zhenghua Dong et al.
Perioperative use of (es)ketamine significantly reduces the risk of postoperative delirium (POD) but does not prevent postoperative neurocognitive disorder (POND). Subgroup analyses indicate that esketamine is more effective for delirium prevention, whereas racemic ketamine provides better cognitive protection.