Utilizing depression symptom-based phenotypes to explore ketamine treatment response in major depression: The Bio-K multicenter trial.
Journal of affective disorders September 15, 2025 Brandan K Penaluna, Jennifer L Vande Voort, William V Bobo et al. 4 citations
In people with treatment-resistant depression, intravenous ketamine improved symptoms across four depression subtypes: Sadness, Negative Thoughts, detachment/Interest and Activity, and Neurovegetative. After three infusions over 11 days, 53% of the 75 participants achieved remission. The Negative Thoughts subtype showed the least improvement, and the Neurovegetative subtype was the least responsive overall. Higher baseline Sadness scores were linked to lower remission rates, and a positive Sadness phenotype reduced the odds of remission (odds ratio 0.32). No meaningful sex differences in response were found by the end of treatment.