Decreasing Preoperative Anxiety in Patients with Newly Available Multimodal Approaches-A Narrative Review.
Journal of clinical medicine April 24, 2025 Weronika Kisielewska, Michał Kościółek, Weronika Kowalczyk et al. 16 citations
About 80% of adult patients experience preoperative anxiety. This review describes pharmacological options such as benzodiazepines, ketamine, fentanyl, and antidepressants (which require four weeks to take effect) and nonpharmacological methods including supportive relationships with medical staff, informed consent forms, video materials, virtual reality, breathing techniques, music therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and essential oils. Nonpharmacological interventions can be used across ages. Many researchers advocate for a holistic approach integrating less invasive, cost-effective interventions with conventional medicine. More research is needed to determine the most effective and feasible interventions for different patient populations.