Natural Hallucinogens in Clinical Studies: A Review of Therapeutic Efficacy and Methodological Limitations
Farmacja Polska December 30, 2025 Ewa Niedzielska-Andres, Angelika Ziaja, Stanisław Zielinski et al.
Natural hallucinogens such as psilocybin, ayahuasca, ibogaine, and mescaline show therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, existential anxiety, and substance addictions. Psilocybin has the best-documented evidence, with controlled trials indicating rapid and lasting improvement in treatment-resistant depression, reduction of existential anxiety, easing of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and support for addiction therapy, alongside a favorable safety profile. Ayahuasca exhibits antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and potential in addiction treatment. Ibogaine reduces withdrawal and drug craving in opioid addiction and PTSD symptoms in war veterans but requires caution due to cardiotoxic side effects.