Nitrous Oxide Sourcing, Use and Harms: Insights From Australians Who Use Ecstasy/MDMA and Other Illicit Stimulants.
Drug and alcohol review November 1, 2025 Jodie Grigg, Simon Lenton, Amy Peacock et al.
From 2021 to 2023, Australians who regularly used ecstasy or other stimulants and also used nitrous oxide showed a rise in use of large cylinders (from 6% to 26%) and a rise in reported neurological symptoms (from 5% to 14%). Most respondents knew about brain or nerve damage risks, but only one in five identified vitamin B12 depletion as a risk, and 17% were unaware of any risks. One-third took no precautions. Sourcing from convenience stores and 24/7 delivery services was common and linked to heavier use. Fewer than five people received treatment for symptoms. The authors call for balanced regulation and education of retailers, clinicians, and consumers.