Review of Selected 2-Phenylethylamine Derivatives and Opioids, Systematic Review of Their Effects on Psychomotor Abilities and Driving Performance: Psychopharmacology in the Context of Road Safety
Pharmaceuticals October 28, 2025 Kacper Żełabowski, Kamil Biedka, Wojciech Pichowicz et al.
The effects of psychoactive substances on driving performance depend on dose, tolerance, and medical condition. Therapeutic amphetamine and methylphenidate can improve psychomotor function and safety in patients with ADHD, while recreational or high-dose methamphetamine and MDMA impair coordination and increase impulsivity. Opioid effects vary: small therapeutic fentanyl doses in chronically treated patients do not notably impair driving, but methadone and tramadol commonly cause somnolence, slowed reactions, and higher accident risk. The review confirms that substance impact is multifactorial and supports individualized pharmacotherapy and further research for evidence-based guidelines.