Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain.

The psychedelic compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is produced naturally in mammals, but whether it is made in the brain was unclear. This study found that the enzymes needed to synthesize DMT are present in the cerebral cortex, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of both rats and humans. In rat brain tissues, the two key enzymes were found together, unlike in peripheral tissues. DMT concentrations in the cerebral cortex of behaving rats were similar to those of neurotransmitters like serotonin. DMT levels in the visual cortex rose significantly after cardiac arrest, even without the pineal gland. These findings indicate the rat brain can synthesize and release DMT at neurotransmitter-like levels, suggesting human brains might do the same.

Study at a glance

Abstract

N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound identified endogenously in mammals, is biosynthesized by aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase (INMT). Whether DMT is biosynthesized in the mammalian brain is unknown. We investigated brain expression of INMT transcript in rats and humans, co-expression of INMT and AADC mRNA in rat brain and periphery, and brain concentrations of DMT in rats. INMT transcripts were identified in the cerebral cortex, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of both rats and humans via in situ hybridization. Notably, INMT mRNA was colocalized with AADC transcript in rat brain tissues, in contrast to rat peripheral tissues where there existed little overlapping expression of INMT with AADC transcripts. Additionally, extracellular concentrations of DMT in the cerebral cortex of normal behaving rats, with or without the pineal gland, were similar to those of canonical monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin. A significant increase of DMT levels in the rat visual cortex was observed following induction of experimental cardiac arrest, a finding independent of an intact pineal gland. These results show for the first time that the rat brain is capable of synthesizing and releasing DMT at concentrations comparable to known monoamine neurotransmitters and raise the possibility that this phenomenon may occur similarly in human brains.