The hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of ‘Ecstasy’ (MDMA) and 3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in the Dark Agouti (DA) rat, a model of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype

In Dark Agouti rats, female animals had 57% higher plasma MDMA concentrations and 48% lower MDA concentrations than males 45 minutes after injection, and showed a stronger hyperthermic response to MDMA. This suggests impaired N-demethylation in females, which model the human poor metabolizer phenotype for debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase. A single 10 mg/kg dose of MDMA caused substantial loss of serotonin and its metabolite in cortex and hippocampus seven days later, along with a 27% decrease in [3H]-paroxetine binding, indicating neurodegeneration. MDA at 5 mg/kg produced about 40% serotonin loss in both sexes. Low debrisoquine hydroxylase activity did not prevent formation of neurotoxic metabolites.

Study at a glance

Abstract

1. The effect of administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') and its N-demethylated product, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on both rectal temperature and long term neurotoxic loss of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been studied in male and female Dark Agouti (DA) rats. The female metabolizes debrisoquine more slowly than the male and its use has been suggested as a model of the human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase poor metabolizer phenotype. 2. A novel h.p.l.c. method was developed and used to measure plasma MDMA and MDA concentrations in the DA rats. 3. The hyperthermic response following MDMA was enhanced in female rats. Plasma MDMA concentrations were also 57% higher than in males 45 min post-injection, while plasma concentrations of MDA were 48% lower. 4. Plasma concentrations of MDMA and MDA in male rats were unaffected by pretreatment with proadifen (15 mg kg-1) or quinidine (60 mg kg-1), but the hyperthermic response to MDMA (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) was enhanced by quinidine pretreatment. 5. The hyperthermic response following MDA was greater in male DA rats, despite plasma drug concentrations being 40% higher in females 60 min after injection. 6. Seven days after a single dose of MDMA (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) there was a substantial loss in the concentration of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIA) in cortex and hippocampus. [3H]-paroxetine binding was also decreased by 27% in the cortex, indicating that the amine loss reflected a neurodegenerative change. MDMA (5 mg kg-1, i.p.) was without effect on brain 5-HT content. content.7. A single dose of MDA (5 mg kg-1, i.p.) produced a major (approximately 40%) loss of 5-HT content of cortex and hippocampus 7 days later. The loss was similar in males and females.8 These data demonstrate that female DA rats are more susceptible to the acute hyperthermic effects ofMDMA, probably because of impaired N-demethylation and indicate that in human subjects acuteMDMA-induced toxicity may be exacerbated in poor metabolizer phenotypes. Low debrisoquine hydroxylase activity did not appear to impair the formation of a MDMA or MDA neurotoxic metabolite. Both severe acute hyperthermia and delayed neurotoxicity occurred following plasma levels of MDMA comparable to those reported in persons misusing the drug.