Plant-derived hallucinogens: neuropharmacological properties and psychoactive mechanisms — a narrative review

Natural hallucinogens from plants have been used for centuries in religious, shamanic, and traditional medicine. These compounds vary widely in their mechanisms of action, receptor interactions, and effects. While they are misused globally for altered states of consciousness, some show pharmacological promise for treating anxiety, depression, pain, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes literature from 1998 to 2025 on plant-derived hallucinogens, focusing on their biological activity and neuropharmacological properties. Their activity across multiple neurotransmitter systems offers potential for new treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, but further research is needed to understand their mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects.

Study at a glance

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Natural hallucinogens have been known since ancient times and were widely used in religious, shamanic, and folk rituals, as well as in traditional medicine. These compounds originate from plants, animals, and fungi and exhibit considerable diversity. Different groups of substances vary in their mechanisms of action, receptor responses, effects induced, and therapeutic applications. Hallucinogens are misused worldwide to achieve specific sensations and altered states of consciousness; therefore, their inves- tigation is necessary to assess safety and predict long-term consequences of abuse. Some of these substances demonstrate pharmacological potential and are currently being studied for their possible use in the treatment of various conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, and pain. Recent studies also indicate their potential role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Due to their wide-ranging therapeutic applications, psychedelics have become the subject of increasing scientific interest. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this review was to summarize the current literature on natural hallucinogens of plant origin, with particular emphasis on their biological activity and neuropharmacological properties. It also highlighted their potential for possible therapeutic use. METHODOLOGY: The review was conducted using scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as relevant textbooks. Keywords were searched in both English and Polish, including hallucinogens, plant-derived hallucinogens, substance abuse, toxicology. The literature reviewed covered the years 1998 to 2025. CONCLUSIONS: Natural plant-derived hallucinogens exhibit substantial diversity in terms of psychostimulant effects, safety profiles, addictive potential, and therapeutic applicability. Their activity across multiple neurotransmitter systems presents a promising avenue for the development of novel treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, further in-depth research is required to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and potential adverse effects. Continued investigation into their therapeutic potential and clinical applications is essential.