Back to our roots: Integrating wholistic research approaches in the study of medicinal plants and mushrooms

Whole plants and mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine for millennia, and their use is growing in modern Western societies. Cannabis and psilocybin are prominent examples, driven by greater accessibility, socioeconomic and environmental stress, and evidence of therapeutic value. The medicinal cannabis market was valued at over $21 billion in 2025, projected to reach $116 billion by 2033. The global psychedelic mushroom market is predicted to double to $3.3 billion by 2031, though the medicinal portion is unclear. Other examples include ayahuasca, lion's mane mushrooms, and products used recreationally or for health enhancement.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Whole plants and mushrooms have been used in systems of traditional medicine and health around the globe for millennia, and these more wholistic approaches are increasingly being embraced in modern Western societies. Cannabis and psilocybin are perhaps two of the most salient examples given current public and academic interests. Greater accessibility, along with expanding socioeconomic and environmental stress, and a growing body of literature supporting their therapeutic value, likely contribute to their expanding use in the general population. One recent report valued the medicinal cannabis market at over USD $21 billion in 2025, with a projected value of USD $116 billion by 2033 (Yadav 2025 ). Similarly, even though psychedelic mushrooms remain illegal in most regions, the global market is predicted to double in the next few years, rising to USD 3.3 billion by 2031 (Persistence Market Research, 2025 ) -- although it should be noted that, at present, it is not possible to delineate what portion of the market comes from use for medicinal purposes. There are many other examples of interest in whole plant/mushroom-based therapeutics including psychedelics such as ayahuasca, nootropics such as lion’s mane mushrooms, and other products used recreationally, to enhance performance, and/or with the intent to promote overall health.