Perspective Chapter: Ketamine, Depression, and Gender Bias

Sex differences in depression and its treatment are poorly understood. This review examines how male and female animals respond differently in pharmacological and genetic models of depression, focusing on the rapid antidepressant ketamine. The authors argue that considering sex as a key variable in preclinical research is essential for understanding the complex mechanisms of depression and treatment resistance. They aim to encourage neuroscientists to routinely include both sexes in studies of mood disorders to improve knowledge of pathological processes and develop more effective therapies.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Our knowledge regarding pathological and treatment resistance mechanisms involved in depression is far from understood. Sexual dimorphism in this topic is well acknowledged. However, the need to highlight sex-based discrepancies is unmet. Ketamine, the dissociative anesthetic, has emerged as a rapid antidepressant. This chapter reviewed sexual dimorphism in pharmacological and genetic models of depression, emphasizing ketamine-related antidepressant effects. Aiming by this report, we would extend our knowledge, highlight gender as one of the vital factors in examining depression in preclinical studies, and elucidate complex antidepressant effects associated with ketamine administration. Our central goal is to encourage neuroscientists to consider gender in their studies of mood disorders.