Mysticism in the Twentieth Century

This chapter examines influential definitions of mysticism and mystical experience from two major twentieth-century scholars, William James and Evelyn Underhill. It reviews James's four marks of a mystical state and Underhill's characteristics of true mysticism, then analyzes visionary and locutionary experiences, distinguishing between mystical and visionary phenomena. Critiques of both scholars' frameworks are presented, supported by brief case studies of three modern mystics: Maria Valtorta, Therese Neumann, and Gemma Galgani. The work argues that their experiences challenge and refine earlier definitions, suggesting that mystical and visionary experiences are more nuanced than previously described.

Study at a glance

Abstract

The chapter considers influential definitions of terms like “mysticism,” “mystical,” or “mystical experiences” as formulated by two of the most prominent scholars of mysticism of the twentieth century. The influence of William James to the study of mysticism and his famous four marks of a mystical state is observed. The influence of Evelyn Underhill to the study of mysticism and her defining characteristics of what is true mysticism is observed. The various forms of visionary experiences and locutionary experiences (mystically hearing voices) are studied and the nuances between mystical and visionary experiences are considered. Critiques of the work of James and Underhill are offered and brief case studies of three modern mystics—Maria Valtorta, Therese Neumann, and Gemma Galgani—are considered in support of the critiques.