Towards a neuroethological approach to consciousness.

Consciousness is not unique to humans; it likely exists in other animals and varies along a continuum shaped by evolution. To understand consciousness more fully, research should adopt a neuroethological perspective based on Tinbergen's four questions: mechanism, development, adaptive function, and evolutionary origin. This approach moves beyond studying only human adults and can help investigate consciousness in infants, non-human animals, and other entities. Adopting this broader view has important scientific, ethical, and societal implications.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Understanding consciousness remains a significant challenge in science. What distinguishes conscious beings from unconscious systems, such as organoids, artificial intelligence or other non-sentient entities? Research on consciousness often focuses on identifying brain activity associated with conscious and non-conscious states, primarily in neurotypical human adults. However, this approach is limited in scope when applied to entities with developmental or evolutionary trajectories different from our own. How do we investigate consciousness in infants, whose brains are still maturing or in non-human animals, shaped by diverse ecological and evolutionary pressures? This opinion piece encourages consciousness studies to adopt a neuroethological perspective, drawing on Tinbergen's framework for studying behaviour. By examining the (1) mechanisms, (2) development, (3) adaptive functions and (4) evolutionary origins of consciousness, we can move beyond a human-centric focus to explore its diversity across life forms. Most investigators now accept that consciousness is not confined to humans alone but that some other animals have it, and it is a continuum shaped by evolutionary pressures. By adopting this broader approach, consciousness studies can better investigate and understand consciousness in its various forms and contexts, with significant scientific, ethical and societal implications.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary functions of consciousness'.