Ze and Relational QM

The measurement problem in quantum mechanics is addressed through a new framework called Ze, which combines Relational Quantum Mechanics with the Active Inference paradigm from neuroscience. Quantum states are described as relational, defined by the posterior beliefs of interacting generative models that minimize variational free energy. Superposition is formalized as high compatibility between competing models with low free-energy conflict, while collapse is reconceived as an optimization-driven phase transition when model conflict exceeds a critical threshold. Matter-wave interferometry with complex molecules provides an experimental testbed, and analogous transitions in human cognition—from wakefulness to dreaming and psychedelic states—are proposed to follow similar principles.

Study at a glance

Abstract

The measurement problem in quantum mechanics challenges our understanding of reality, demanding explanations beyond both Copenhagen's "collapse" and the Many-Worlds' ontological multiplicity. This paper introduces and formalizes the Ze framework as a novel synthesis of Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) and the Active Inference paradigm from theoretical neuroscience. Ze posits that quantum states are relational, defined by the posterior beliefs of interacting generative models engaged in variational free energy minimization. Within this framework, quantum superposition is formalized as high compatibility (ℐ ≈ 1) between competing models, characterized by low free-energy conflict (ΔF < θ). Conversely, the transition to a localized state—the physical correlate of "collapse"—is reconceived not as a metaphysical event but as an optimization-driven phase transition. This occurs when model conflict exceeds a critical threshold (ΔF > θ), a process objectively driven by interactions like which-path marking. We demonstrate that matter-wave interferometry with complex molecules provides a direct experimental testbed for these principles, where which-path information and quantum erasure actively manipulate ΔF. Extending the isomorphism, we propose that transitions in human cognition—from focused wakefulness to dreaming and psychedelic states—are governed by analogous shifts in the brain's inferential threshold (θ). Thus, Ze offers a unified, testable architecture bridging quantum foundations, statistical physics, and the neuroscience of consciousness.