Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU)-Mediated Calcium Overload in Psychoactive Drug Neurotoxicity: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Targets.
International journal of molecular sciences – May 15, 2025
Source: PubMed
Summary
Excessive calcium in brain cells plays a surprising role in drug-related brain damage. When psychoactive substances are used, a tiny cellular gateway called MCU allows too much calcium to flood mitochondria - the cell's power plants. This calcium overload triggers a chain of harmful events, leading to neurotoxicity and cell death. Understanding this mechanism offers promising new treatment approaches for protecting the brain from substance-related damage.
Abstract
With rapid societal changes and increasing stress levels, the abuse of psychoactive substances has emerged as a global health crisis. Studies indicate that the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) plays a pivotal role in neurotoxic damage induced by psychoactive substances. As the primary channel for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, MCU dysfunction can lead to Ca2+ overload, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, representing a crucial mechanism underlying neurotoxic damage. Psychoactive substances such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, and morphine influence MCU function through multiple pathways, resulting in excessive Ca2+ accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately leading to neuronal injury. Although MCU inhibitors have demonstrated potential in alleviating Ca2+ overload and improving neural function in preliminary studies, their selectivity and long-term safety require further evaluation. Future research should explore the precise regulatory mechanisms of MCU in neurotoxic damage induced by psychoactive substances and develop more effective targeted therapeutic strategies.