PID-atom distributions for all subjects under different drugs and placebo effects using MMI definition.
OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University) – November 05, 2025
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like LSD, ketamine, and psilocybin profoundly impact brain information processing, offering new insights for internal medicine. In a cohort of 40 individuals, these substances demonstrated distinct effects on "PID atoms"—key informational components of brain function—significantly differing from a placebo. For example, psilocybin showed an average effect size of 0.7 on these measures. Such pharmacological understanding, akin to a PID controller optimizing systemic functions, is vital for advancing medicine and developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
From left to right, results refer to LSD, ketamine, and psilocybin drugs. Panel rows represent (a) the raw values of PID atoms, (b) the NMI-normalised PID atoms, and (c) the NuMIT-normalised PID atoms. The dashed black lines are drawn at zero. (P-values calculated with a one-sample t-test against the zero-mean null hypothesis. *: ppp<0.001).