Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toads
OpenAlex – October 09, 2023
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
The Sonoran Desert Toad uniquely secretes the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT, with all analyzed individuals showing high concentrations. In a study of 100 wild toads and sympatric anurans in Tucson, Arizona, it was determined that I. alvarius shares a similar diet with other local toads, indicating no dietary specialization. Notably, slight differences were observed between toads from native and urban habitats. These findings suggest that the production of 5-MeO-DMT may stem from endogenous synthesis or microbial symbionts rather than diet.
Abstract
Abstract The Sonoran Desert Toad ( Incilius alvarius ) is the only animal known to secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense, but the source of 5-MeO-DMT in I. alvarius remains unknown. Some amphibians endogenously produce chemical defenses while others acquire them from specialized diets. In this study we analyzed toxin gland secretions and diet profiles from wild I. alvarius and sympatric anurans from native and urban habitats around Tucson, Arizona to explore possible links between diet and 5-MeO-DMT production. All I. alvarius secreted high concentrations of 5-MeO-DMT, whereas other sympatric toads did not. The diet of I. alvarius was similar to that of sympatric anurans, indicating that I. alvarius does not exhibit relative dietary specialization. Slight dietary differences between I. alvarius in native and urbanized habitats were observed. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that diet is not directly linked to 5-MeO-DMT production, and support the alternative hypotheses that Sonoran Desert toads synthesize 5-MeO-DMT endogenously or via a microbial symbiont.