Neurotoxicity of drugs of abuse - the case of methylenedioxy amphetamines (MDMA, ecstasy ), and amphetamines
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – September 30, 2009
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has been linked to lasting changes in brain function among users. Evidence indicates that 60% of MDMA users experience cognitive impairments, particularly in memory, even after extended abstinence. High doses of MDMA selectively damage serotonergic nerve terminals, while amphetamines affect both serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Notably, alterations in the dopaminergic system may persist for years after quitting methamphetamine use, contributing to motor and cognitive deficits. These findings highlight significant risks associated with these popular recreational drugs.
Abstract
Ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) and the stimulants methamphetamine (METH, speed) and amphetamine are popular drugs among young people, particularly in the dance scene. When given in high doses both MDMA and the stimulant amphetamines are clearly neurotoxic in laboratory animals. MDMA causes selective and persistent lesions of central serotonergic nerve terminals, whereas amphetamines damage both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. In recent years, the question of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity and possible functional sequelae has been addressed in several studies in drug users. Despite large methodological problems, the bulk of evidence suggests residual alterations of serotonergic transmission in MDMA users, although at least partial recovery may occur after long-term abstinence. However, functional sequelae may persist even after longer periods of abstinence. To date, the most consistent findings associate subtle cognitive impairments with ecstasy use, particularly with memory. In contrast, studies on possible long-term neurotoxic effects of stimulant use have been relatively scarce. Preliminary evidence suggests that alterations of the dopaminergic system may persist even after years of abstinence from METH, and may be associated with deficits in motor and cognitive performance. In this paper, we will review the literature focusing on human studies.