Ketamine and its Regulatory Implications: A Review
Journal of Medical Regulation – December 01, 2025
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Ketamine, widely known as an anesthetic since 1970, is increasingly used off-label for treating depression and other psychiatric disorders. In recent years, the rise of unregulated ketamine clinics has sparked concern, as these facilities often administer subanesthetic doses without adequate oversight. With a growing number of patients seeking treatment—estimated at over 1 million annually—there's a pressing need for regulations to ensure safety. Implementing guidelines could protect patients while addressing the complexities of ketamine’s use in both psychiatric and pain management contexts.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has been approved for use as a clinical and veterinary anesthetic since 1970. Although esketamine, a specific molecular form of ketamine, is FDA-approved for the management of treatment-resistant depression, regular ketamine is often used off-label at subanesthetic doses to treat depression as well as other psychiatric disorders and pain. Despite the lower doses of ketamine used for analgesia and depression, ketamine can cause dissociative, psychomimetic, and hemodynamic symptoms that require careful monitoring during and after administration. Over the past several years, rising public interest in ketamine has led to a “wild west” of so-called ketamine clinics, which offer off-label ketamine treatment, sometimes through compounding pharmacies, for a variety of conditions. These clinics are largely unregulated, representing a possible ongoing threat to the safety of patients which may merit action among state medical regulators. Regulations may be helpful for all of the stakeholders in the off-label ketamine marketplace, including distributors, compounding pharmacies, clinics, and providers themselves. In this article, the pharmacology of ketamine and evidence supporting off-label use are reviewed, along with suggestions for regulating the burgeoning ketamine clinic landscape.