Esketamine Implementation Challenges in Psychiatry: A Qualitative Analysis of Mental Healthcare Providers’ Social Media Commentary
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry – March 10, 2026
Source: OpenAlex
Summary
Implementation of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression faces significant hurdles, with 65.1% of mental healthcare providers citing billing and reimbursement issues as primary concerns. Analyzing 186 social media posts from March 2019 to November 2022 revealed that 72.3% expressed negative sentiment about reimbursement, while 86.7% preferred ketamine over esketamine. Other challenges included staffing (18.3%) and pharmacy procurement (16.7%). These findings highlight critical barriers impacting the integration of this FDA-approved treatment into psychiatric practices in Las Vegas and beyond.
Abstract
Background Though esketamine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment-resistant depression in 2019, there is no published research on implementation challenges. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate online commentary about these challenges among mental healthcare providers. Methods Using the terms “esketamine” and “Spravato”, the author searched social media groups dedicated to mental healthcare providers on December 15, 2022. Posts and associated comments about using or implementing esketamine into practices were included in the dataset and thematically coded. Prevalence of themes about implementation challenges, illustrative quotes, and sentiment analyses are reported. Results 186 relevant posts and comments from March 12, 2019 to November 27, 2022 were identified. The most discussed challenges were billing/reimbursement (65.1%), billing codes (48.9%), staffing (18.3%), pharmacy/drug procurement (16.7%), space (11.8%), time (10.2%), “Buy and bill” acquisition (9.1%), and the FDA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program (7%). Sentiment regarding reimbursement for esketamine was mostly negative [72.3% (34/47 posts)], as was sentiment towards esketamine’s manufacturer (62.5% (5/8 posts). Most posts [86.7% (13/15 posts)] comparing esketamine to ketamine favored using ketamine. Conclusions These data suggest that under-reimbursement, billing challenges, and logistical barriers may be hamstringing implementation of esketamine into psychiatric practices.