A Panpsychist Theory of Shamanism
Suomen Antropologi Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society April 1, 2026 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.30676/jfas.148437 via OpenAlex
Summary
A quadripartite panpsychist theory of shamanism is proposed, integrating mystical constructivism, role-taking theory, and mental imagery cultivation within a panpsychist philosophy. This model acknowledges the reality of shamanic altered states while respecting local variations. It suggests that 'spirit' can be understood as synonymous with 'mind', framing shamanism as a means to explore consciousness through consciousness itself.
Study at a glance
| Key finding | The proposed model allows for recognizing something 'real' in shamanic altered states of mind while maintaining sensitivity to local differences. |
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Abstract
This paper develops a quadripartite panpsychist theory of shamanism(s). This fourpart framework revives and combines four theories: (i) mystical constructivism, (ii) role-taking theory, and (iii) mental imagery cultivation as a cultural practice founded upon (iv) a panpsychist philosophy of ultimate reality. I argue that this quadripartite model allows for the recognition of something ‘real’ in shamanic altered states of mind whilst maintaining epistemological sensitivity to local differences. Spirit is just another word for mind, and shamanism is an exploration of consciousness by means of consciousness. Keywords: shamanism, panpsychism, altered states of consciousness, role-taking theory, universalism vs. particularism