Psychoactive drugs and false memory: comparison of dextroamphetamine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on false recognition
Michael E. Ballard, David A. Gallo, Harriet Wit
Psychopharmacology January 1, 2012 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2374-5 via Springer Nature
Summary
Dextroamphetamine (AMP) improved recognition of studied words, while Δ^9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impaired it. Neither drug significantly impacted false memory compared to placebo, but AMP increased false memory when compared to THC. The study found a positive correlation between the effects of both drugs on true and false memory. These findings suggest that psychoactive drugs can influence memory processes leading to false memories.
Study at a glance
| Design | randomized controlled trial |
|---|---|
| Population | healthy volunteers |
| Key finding | AMP increased true memory of studied words compared to placebo, while THC reduced it, with AMP also increasing false memory relative to THC. |
Abstract
Rationale Several psychoactive drugs are known to influence episodic memory. However, these drugs’ effects on false memory, or the tendency to incorrectly remember nonstudied information, remain poorly understood. Objectives Here, we examined the effects of two commonly used psychoactive drugs, one with memory-enhancing properties (dextroamphetamine; AMP), and another with memory-impairing properties (Δ^9-tetrahydrocannabinol; THC), on false memory using the Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) illusion. Methods Two parallel studies were conducted in which healthy volunteers received either AMP (0, 10, and 20 mg) or THC (0, 7.5, and 15 mg) in within-subjects, randomized, double-blind designs. Participants studied DRM word lists under the influence of the drugs, and their recognition memory for the studied words was tested 2 days later, under sober conditions. Results As expected, AMP increased memory of studied words relative to placebo, and THC reduced memory of studied words. Although neither drug significantly affected false memory relative to placebo, AMP increased false memory relative to THC. Across participants, both drugs’ effects on true memory were positively correlated with their effects on false memory. Conclusions Our results indicate that AMP and THC have opposing effects on true memory, and these effects appear to correspond to similar, albeit more subtle, effects on false memory. These findings are consistent with previous research using the DRM illusion and provide further evidence that psychoactive drugs can affect the encoding processes that ultimately result in the creation of false memories.