Mind-Altering Digital Technologies: A Scoping Review
Terho Ojell-järventausta, Anatolii Belousov, Mila Bujić, Joseph Macey, Juho Hamari
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction July 10, 2026 Peer reviewed DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2026.2695939 via OpenAlex
Summary
A scoping review of 24 studies explored the intersection of digitally induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL) with technologies like virtual reality and biofeedback. The review highlighted that most studies focused on self-reported psychophysiological effects and individual differences, but only half provided effect sizes. This work serves as a foundational examination of the literature in this emerging field and suggests directions for future research.
Study at a glance
| Design | scoping review |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 24 |
| Population | empirical or proof-of-concept studies related to digitally induced altered states of consciousness |
| Key finding | Immersive virtual reality, biofeedback, and artificial intelligence were identified as the most prominent technologies in the studies reviewed. |
Abstract
In recent years, practices related to altered states of consciousness (ASC) (e.g., psychedelic experiences) have taken digital forms (e.g., biofeedback and virtual reality). While the amount of research at the intersection of ASC and digital technologies is growing, it remains fragmented across fields. To address this, we conducted a scoping review of 24 empirical or proof-of-concept studies, utilizing the concept of digitally induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL). We identified immersive virtual reality, biofeedback, and artificial intelligence as the most prominent technologies, with visual, auditory, and light stimulation as common stimulation modalities. Most studies relied on self-reports, focusing on psychophysiological effects of DIAL or individual differences impacting the experience, while only half of the studies reported effect sizes. As the first review to investigate literature through DIAL concept, this work provides a foundation for this emerging field, by critically examining existing literature, and outlining avenues for further research.