Exploring the Sāṅkhya Proofs for Puruṣa’s Existence: A Philosophical and Critical Analysis

Summary

Sāṅkhya philosophy explains reality through metaphysical dualism, distinguishing Puruṣa (pure consciousness) from Prakṛti (the unconscious material substrate). This paper evaluates the five philosophical arguments (pañca-hetavaḥ) from Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṅkhya Kārikā that substantiate Puruṣa's existence. It analyzes their logical structure, philosophical foundations, and metaphysical implications, and examines their place in Indian epistemology, their relation to Buddhism and Advaita Vedānta, and their relevance to modern debates on consciousness and the mind-body problem.

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Abstract

Abstract Sāṅkhya philosophy is one of the oldest and most systematic attempts in Indian thought to explain reality in a logical way using metaphysical dualism. The main idea behind this is the difference between Puruṣa, which stands for the principle of pure consciousness, and Prakṛti, which stands for the unconscious material substrate of the universe. The existence of Puruṣa is not merely asserted but is strongly substantiated by five philosophical reasons, known as the pañca-hetavaḥ, as articulated in Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṅkhya Kārikā. This paper offers a thorough analytical evaluation of these five arguments, scrutinising their logical structure, philosophical underpinnings, and metaphysical implications. It also looks at how they fit into Indian epistemology, how they relate to other philosophical schools of thought like Buddhism and Advaita Vedānta, and how significant they are to modern debates about consciousness and the mind-body problem. Key Words: Sāṅkhya, Puruṣa, Prakṛti, dualism, consciousness, guṇas, emancipation, kaivalya

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