Dreams typically involve actions, known people, sounds, and colors, and often relate to upcoming plans or recent memories. Nightmares frequently feature anxiety, being stalked, or other unpleasant sensations. Lucid dreaming—knowing one is dreaming—was experienced at least once by 77% of a Brazilian sample of 3,427 people, but episodes were brief (under one minute for 48%) and control was rare (29%). Lucid dreaming was more common when people did not need to wake early or were under stress, conditions that increase REM sleep. These findings suggest lucid dreaming is a widespread but unstable human experience, consistent with data from other continents.
People with psychosis report more control over their lucid dreams than non-psychotic individuals, contrary to the hypothesis that lucid dreaming might be therapeutically beneficial for psychotic patients. Among 45 subjects with psychotic symptoms (25 with schizophrenia, 20 with bipolar disorder) and 28 non-psychotic controls, psychotic lucid dreamers reported controlling their dreams more frequently (67% of schizophrenia and 73% of bipolar patients) than non-psychotic lucid dreamers (23% of controls). However, lucid dreamers with psychosis showed no clinical advantage, even on measures of judgment and insight. The findings suggest psychosis may enhance the ability to control internal reality, and that training lucid dreaming in psychotic populations could potentially strengthen delusions and hallucinations rather than provide therapeutic benefit.