The abuse potential of classic psychedelics—serotonergic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin—has not been systematically assessed using modern methods since they were placed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act in 1970. This paper reviews the scientific evaluation of their abuse potential and outlines the data required to support a rescheduling recommendation if a classic psychedelic drug product receives FDA approval. The authors argue that renewed clinical research necessitates revisiting these drugs' regulatory classification, given that Schedule I status assumes high abuse potential and no accepted medical use, a designation that may no longer align with current evidence.
A single dose of kratom, a plant from Southeast Asia, produced some opioid-like effects in recreational polydrug users with opioid experience. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 40 participants, kratom at doses of 3 grams or more caused pupil constriction, and the 12 gram dose increased ratings of drug liking, good effects, and high. No deaths or serious adverse events occurred; the most common side effects were somnolence, vomiting, and nausea. The findings suggest kratom can produce effects associated with drugs of abuse, but results may not apply to other kratom products.