Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions
World Psychiatry September 15, 2023 Roger S. McIntyre, Mohammad Alsuwaidan, Bernhard T. Baune et al. 712 citations
At least 30% of people with depression meet the common definition of treatment-resistant depression (TRD): inadequate response to two or more antidepressants despite adequate trials and adherence. Many cases are actually pseudo-resistant due to insufficient treatment or non-adherence. No consensus definition with proven predictive utility for clinical decisions exists, leading to varied prevalence estimates and inconsistent care. Intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine are effective for TRD. Some second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, quetiapine XR) help as adjuncts in partial responders, but only the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination has been studied in FDA-defined TRD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy are established effective interventions. Evidence for extending trials, switching, or combining antidepressants is mixed, and manual-based psychotherapies are not effective alone but help when added to antidepressants.