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Lilian Kloft

Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.

7 papers in the library · 64 citations · publishing 2022-2025

Papers

Shared functional connectome fingerprints following ritualistic ayahuasca intake.

NeuroImage January 1, 2024 Pablo Mallaroni, Natasha L Mason, Lilian Kloft et al. 17 citations

Brain functional connectomes are unique fingerprints that persist across mental states, but their stability under altered states is unknown. After collective ayahuasca intake in 21 Santo Daime members, 7T fMRI showed reduced idiosyncrasy in static and dynamic functional connectivity, with a spatiotemporal reallocation of keypoint edges. Interindividual differences in higher-order connectivity motifs predicted perceptual drug effects, demonstrating that individualized connectivity markers can trace a subject's functional connectome across altered states of consciousness.

Altered State of Consciousness and Mental Imagery as a Function of N, N-dimethyltryptamine Concentration in Ritualistic Ayahuasca Users

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience January 1, 2023 Johannes G Ramaekers, Pablo Mallaroni, Lilian Kloft et al. 15 citations

In members of the Santo Daime church who regularly consume ayahuasca in a ritual setting, the brew's main psychoactive compound DMT drives feelings of oceanic boundlessness, visual restructuring, and ego dissolution, with these effects correlating with peak DMT concentration in the blood. However, measures of mental imagery—including visual perspective shifting, vividness of imagery, and associative thinking—did not noticeably differ between sober and ayahuasca conditions, though subjective cognitive flexibility was lower under ayahuasca. Two mental imagery measures (perspective shifts and cognitive flexibility) correlated with peak DMT levels. Long-term ayahuasca use may produce compensatory or neuroadaptive effects that dampen the acute impact on mental imagery.

Metabolomics and integrated network analysis reveal roles of endocannabinoids and large neutral amino acid balance in the ayahuasca experience

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy March 24, 2022 Francisco Madrid-Gambín, Àlex Gomez‐gómez, Arnau Busquets-García et al. 14 citations

Consumption of ayahuasca increases N-acyl-ethanolamine endocannabinoids, decreases 2-acyl-glycerol endocannabinoids, and alters several large-neutral amino acids (LNAAs) in human plasma. Most LNAAs were inversely associated with nine of eleven subscales of the 5-Dimension Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, except tryptophan, which was positively associated. Several endocannabinoids and hexosylceramides were directly associated with ayahuasca alkaloids. Enrichment analysis confirmed dysregulation in pathways involved in serotonin and dopamine synthesis. A crosstalk between circulating LNAAs and subjective effects is suggested, independent of alkaloid concentrations, providing insights into the metabolic fingerprint and mechanism of action underlying ayahuasca experiences.

Cortical structural differences following repeated ayahuasca use hold molecular signatures

Frontiers in Neuroscience October 5, 2023 Pablo Mallaroni, Lilian Kloft, Natasha L. Mason et al. 8 citations

Repeated ayahuasca use is associated with a spatially distributed pattern of brain structural changes: sensorimotor areas become more distinct from surrounding regions while transmodal areas become less distinct. These changes correlate with the expression of genes for 5-HT2A receptors and other targets of ayahuasca, as well as with genes for transcription factors and immediate early genes previously linked to psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity in animal studies. The findings suggest that molecular mechanisms of psychedelic action may scale up to large-scale brain organization in living humans, potentially helping to explain behavioral differences in experienced users.

Ayahuasca enhances the formation of hippocampal-dependent episodic memory without impacting false memory susceptibility in experienced ayahuasca users: An observational study.

Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) April 1, 2025 Manoj K Doss, Lilian Kloft, Natasha L Mason et al. 5 citations

In experienced users, ayahuasca acutely enhances recollection-based memory—the ability to recall specific details—without increasing false memories or affecting familiarity-based memory, a feeling of knowing. In an observational study of 24 Santo Daime members who had consumed ayahuasca over 500 times on average, participants completed a false memory task before and after taking a self-selected church dose. After ayahuasca, hit rates, memory accuracy, and recollection improved, while familiarity and false memory remained unchanged. The authors suggest that β-carboline activity in the brew may account for this recollection enhancement, which contrasts with past psychedelic research showing impaired recollection. Practice effects could not be ruled out, but multiple measures of false memory and metamemory did not improve across sessions.

Ritualistic use of ayahuasca enhances a shared functional connectome identity with others

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) October 11, 2022 Pablo Mallaroni, Natasha L. Mason, Lilian Kloft et al. 4 citations preprint

Brain functional connectomes are unique and reliable identifiers of individuals, but it was unknown whether these 'fingerprints' persist during altered states of consciousness. Ayahuasca, a serotonergic psychedelic, disrupts functional connectivity. In a within-subject study using 7T fMRI, 21 members of the Santo Daime church were scanned after collective ayahuasca intake. Connectome fingerprinting revealed a shared functional space and a spatiotemporal reallocation of key edges. Differences in higher-order functional connectivity motifs predicted perceptual drug effects, showing that individualized connectivity markers can trace a subject's functional connectome across altered states.

Questioning the recovery of dissociated traumatic memories under psilocybin: comment on “Therapeutic emergence of dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa”

Journal of Eating Disorders December 4, 2025 Samuli Kangaslampi, Max Wolff, Manoj K. Doss et al. 1 citation

Psychedelics like psilocybin can trigger vivid memory-like experiences, but a recent case report claiming that two patients recovered dissociated traumatic memories during psilocybin treatment for anorexia nervosa may not have adequately considered alternative explanations. The cases do not necessarily show that psilocybin induces recovery of dissociated traumatic memories or could treat dissociative amnesia. The authors also caution against explicitly preparing patients for the emergence of forgotten material, as such suggestions warrant scrutiny.