Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
June 12, 2020
Jason B. Luoma, Christina Chwyl, Geoff J. Bathje et al.
206 citations
Placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy for mental health conditions have resumed after a two-decade pause. Nine randomized, placebo-controlled trials published since 1994 examined psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, and MDMA. A significant mean between-groups effect size of 1.21 (Hedges g) was found, larger than typical effects for psychopharmacological or psychotherapy interventions. Effects were generally maintained at follow-up in the three studies that maintained a placebo control. Analyses support efficacy across post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety/depression associated with a life-threatening illness, unipolar depression, and social anxiety among autistic adults. Larger trials with more diverse samples are needed to examine moderators and mediators and long-term effects.
The International journal on drug policy
January 1, 2026
Christina Chwyl, Adrianne R Wilson-Poe, Kim A Hoffman et al.
3 citations
Experts in psychedelic care and harm reduction identified five key areas for improving standards of care: strengthening provider accountability and credibility, advancing culturally responsive and inclusive practices, emphasizing community-based support and integration, ensuring safety through preparation and screening, and navigating legal and informational gray areas. The findings highlight the need for clearer guidelines, robust safety protocols, and accessible support systems to optimize outcomes across diverse populations and settings.
Research Square
August 5, 2025
Christina Chwyl, Odin S. Elvenes, Andrew S. R. Kleven et al.
2 citations
Therapists who support clients after psychedelic experiences report ten key challenges, including unearthing trauma, destabilization or psychological crisis, re-adjusting to daily life with new insights and heightened sensitivity, relational harms from boundary violations, confusion about chaotic experiences, identity and worldview crises, feeling overwhelmed by needed changes, relationship disruption, disappointment after high hopes, and using psychedelics as escape. Based on interviews with 20 licensed mental health professionals (90% white, 70% cisgender women, modal integration clients 25–30), findings suggest that effective integration begins in preparation, involves setting realistic expectations, creating safe therapeutic environments, bolstering coping and social support, using trauma processing techniques, facilitating client-led meaning-making, and supporting gradual, values-guided life changes.
February 19, 2026
Christina Chwyl, Alissa Bazinet, Adie Wilson-Poe et al.
1 citation
preprint
Informed consent for psychedelic-assisted services should be treated as an ongoing process rather than a one-time form, according to 36 experienced facilitators. They emphasized building a strong therapeutic relationship, centering client empowerment, and comprehensively conveying potential long-term psychological and social changes, including the possibility of disappointing experiences. Detailed consent around touch and boundaries is needed, with explicit pre-session agreements, maintained boundaries, and attention to subtle non-verbal cues. Facilitator training should cultivate deep respect for client agency and provide experiential learning in relational and boundary-setting skills. These recommendations aim to improve practitioner training, consent practices, and policy for regulated psychedelic services.
June 4, 2026
Jason B Luoma, M. Kati Lear, Brian Pilecki et al.
preprint
MDMA-Assisted Therapy (MDMA-AT) produced a large reduction in social anxiety symptoms compared to a waitlist condition in adults with social anxiety disorder. In a randomized open-label trial of 20 participants, those receiving MDMA-AT showed an average decrease of 43.3 points on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale after 16 weeks, while the waitlist group did not. Improvements also occurred in functioning, shame, acceptance, belongingness, self-concealment, and self-compassion. Adverse events were mild to moderate and temporary; no serious adverse events occurred. These preliminary findings suggest MDMA-AT is safe and feasible for social anxiety disorder and warrant further research.
World Psychiatry
June 1, 2026
Christina Chwyl, Michael S. Ladka, Joshua C. Black et al.
In a US population-based study, about 1 in 20 people who used psychedelics reported experiencing sexual or physical violence during their use. Younger age, female gender, and use of certain psychedelics like MDMA were associated with higher risk. The findings suggest that while most psychedelic experiences are safe, a minority involve violence, highlighting the need for harm reduction strategies.
Neuroethics
May 13, 2026
Christina Chwyl, Alissa Bazinet, Adrianne R. Wilson-Poe et al.
Informed consent in psychedelic-assisted services is ethically complex and lacks standardization. Expert recommendations from 36 participants (71% white, 53% female, average 15.2 years of experience in clinical trial, underground, or ceremonial settings) emphasized that consent should be an ongoing process built on a strong therapeutic relationship and client empowerment. Comprehensive disclosure of risks and benefits is needed, including long-term psychological and social changes and the possibility of disappointing experiences. Detailed consent around touch and boundaries is crucial, with explicit boundary-setting before administration and attention to non-verbal cues. Provider training should cultivate deep respect for client agency and experiential learning of relational and boundary skills.
BMC Psychology
January 21, 2026
Christina Chwyl, Angelica Spata, Will Lucas et al.
Psychological context, or 'set,' is more strongly linked to the outcomes of psychedelic experiences than the specific substance used, suggesting a 'mindset-over-molecule' pattern. The findings indicate that the mental state and expectations of the user play a more influential role than the chemical properties of the drug alone.
Open Science Framework
January 1, 2026
Christina Chwyl, M. Kati Lear, Sunjeev Kamboj et al.
Self-compassion is thought to be important for mental health, especially for people with social anxiety disorder. MDMA-assisted therapy may work by increasing self-compassion. This study will examine whether trait self-compassion rises during treatment and whether self-compassion felt during MDMA dosing sessions leads to lasting changes. It will also test if changes in self-compassion relate to improvements in social anxiety, depression, shame, functioning, and belonging. Five specific aims are outlined to explore these relationships across two dosing sessions.
Research Square
September 12, 2025
Christina Chwyl, Angelica Spata, Will Lucas et al.
Psilocybin and MDMA produce greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after accounting for contextual factors like personality and motivations, but the substance effects are small. Psychological factors—especially surrendering to the experience and having spiritual or prosocial motivations—are much stronger predictors, accounting for up to 58% of the variance in these experiences, compared to 10% or less for the substance alone. The findings suggest that mindset matters more than the specific molecule for producing self-transcendent and mystical experiences.