Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Journal of Addictive Diseases October 2, 2018 Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, М.а. Винникова, A. Yu. Nenastieva et al. 27 citations
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is described through diagnostic criteria, clinical presentations, types, and treatment approaches. Three case reports illustrate different types: a 23-year-old with prior cannabis use developed HPPD type I after taking psilocybin mushrooms with alcohol and hash, with symptoms recurring after cannabis but not alcohol, and reducing within a year. Two other cases of HPPD type II occurred after ecstasy use, which is not typically considered a hallucinogen; the condition was stressful and frightening, and treatment with tofisopam, lamotrigine, and sertraline smoothed but did not eliminate visual impairments. Scientific sources suggest HPPD may affect more than 50% of hallucinogen users and is often underdiagnosed.