3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation November 1, 2013 Jerry Meyer 93 citations
Ecstasy, a recreational drug usually containing MDMA, produces euphoria, arousal, enhanced mood, sociability, and heightened perceptions, but also adverse effects like nausea, headache, tachycardia, bruxism, and trismus. Mood lowering can occur 2 to 5 days after use. Acute effects stem from increased release and inhibited reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, plus possible oxytocin release. Repeated or high-dose use is linked to tolerance, depressive symptoms, and cognitive deficits, especially in memory. Animal studies show high doses reduce forebrain serotonin markers, suggesting neurotoxicity or long-term downregulation.