Consciousness remains a scientific mystery, but contrasting conscious and unconscious processes offers clues. The olfactory system provides a unique window for this contrast due to its neuroanatomy, cognitive mechanisms, and neural dynamics like brain oscillations. This review argues that for an olfactory content to become conscious, it must engage a large-scale neural network involving broad information integration.
A single dose of psilocybin increases synaptic density in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of healthy individuals, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the environment in which the experience occurs. Participants who took psilocybin in a therapeutic-like room reported more intense mystical-type experiences, longer-lasting psychological benefits, and showed greater increases in synaptic density compared to those dosed inside an MRI scanner. These findings indicate that psilocybin's neuroplastic effects are modulated by environmental context, with implications for psychedelic-assisted therapies.