Urinary MDMA, MDA, HMMA, and HMA Excretion Following Controlled MDMA Administration to Humans
Journal of Analytical Toxicology October 1, 2009 T. T. Abraham, Allan J. Barnes, Richie H. Lowe et al. 56 citations
After a single oral dose of MDMA (ecstasy), the drug and its metabolites are excreted in urine over an extended period, with the metabolite HMMA detectable longer than MDMA itself. In a double-blind study, healthy adult MDMA users received placebo, 1.0 mg/kg, or 1.6 mg/kg doses. From 916 urine specimens provided by 16 participants, median peak concentrations after the higher dose were 21,470 ng/mL for MDMA and 20,793 ng/mL for HMMA, with HMMA's last detection exceeding MDMA's by over 33 hours. In the first 24 hours, 30.2-34.3% of total urinary excretion occurred. Including HMMA in urine testing improves detection of MDMA exposure but requires hydrolysis of the sample.