Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental
October 1, 2003
Suzanne L. Verheyden, John A. Henry, H. Valerie Curran
171 citations
Regular MDMA users report both positive and negative psychological effects. Among 466 regular users, acute effects include positive and negative impacts on mental health and physical effects. Between sessions, 83% experienced low mood and 80% impaired concentration. Long-term effects include tolerance (59%), impaired concentration (38%), depression (37%), and feeling more open toward people (31%). Factors such as age, gender, extent of MDMA use, and use of cocaine or amphetamine influence these effects. Users' main concern about stopping MDMA is its long-term effects on mental health.
Addiction
February 20, 2003
Erkki Vuori, John A. Henry, Ilkka Ojanperä et al.
113 citations
Four deaths occurred after people took moclobemide and MDMA ('ecstasy') together. The likely cause of death in each case was serotonin syndrome, a dangerous condition caused by the interaction between the two drugs. None of the victims had a prescription for moclobemide; each apparently took it to boost the effects of MDMA, leading to fatal outcomes. The authors call for warnings against uninformed efforts to enhance the effects of illicit drugs.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
June 1, 2002
John K. Fallon, Dhwanil Shah, Andrew T. Kicman et al.
54 citations
MDMA (ecstasy) can cause dangerously low sodium levels by triggering inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). In eight healthy men given a low 40 mg dose of MDMA, plasma AVP rose significantly at 1, 2, and 4 hours. A negative correlation between MDMA and AVP at 1 hour suggested a metabolite might drive the increase. Testing MDMA and five of its metabolites on isolated rat hypothalamus tissue showed all compounds increased AVP release, with the major metabolite HMMA being the most potent and DHMA the least. Most compounds also enhanced AVP release in response to potassium stimulation. These in vitro results confirm that MDMA metabolites, not just the parent drug, contribute to AVP secretion.